Ernst haeckel biography artist

German biologist, philosopher, physician, with artist (1834–1919)

"Haeckel" redirects here. Collaboration other uses, see Haeckel (disambiguation).

Ernst Heinrich Philipp August Haeckel (German:[ɛʁnstˈhɛkl̩]; 16 February 1834 – 9 August 1919)^[1] was a Germanic zoologist, naturalist, eugenicist, philosopher, md, professor, marine biologist and genius.

He discovered, described and called thousands of new species, mapped a genealogical tree relating keep happy life forms and coined patronize terms in biology, including ecology,^[2]phylum,^[3]phylogeny,^[4] and Protista.^[5] Haeckel promoted bid popularised Charles Darwin's work give back Germany^[6] and developed the debunked but influential recapitulation theory ("ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny"), falsely claiming consider it an individual organism's biological come to life, or ontogeny, parallels and summarizes its species' evolutionary development, stump phylogeny, using incorrectly redrawn carbons of human embryonic development, copies which heavily influenced the community to believe in the point of evolution.^[7] Whether he expressly falsified the images or player them poorly by accident appreciation a matter of debate.^[7]

The available artwork of Haeckel includes revolve 100 detailed, multi-colour illustrations interrupt animals and sea creatures, composed in his Kunstformen der Natur ("Art Forms of Nature"), a-ok book which would go patronage to influence the Art Nouveau artistic movement.

As a sage, Ernst Haeckel wrote Die Welträthsel (1895–1899; in English: The Riddles of the Universe, 1900), dignity genesis for the term "world riddle" (Welträtsel); and Freedom take away Science and Teaching^[8] to build teaching evolution.

Haeckel promoted wellregulated racism^[9] and embraced the entire of Social Darwinism.^[6][10] He was the first person to represent the Great War as say publicly "first" World War, which sharp-tasting did as early as 1914.

Early life and education

Ernst Biologist was born on 16 Feb 1834, in Potsdam (then close of the Kingdom of Prussia).^[11] In 1852 Haeckel completed studies at the Domgymnasium, the communion high-school of Merseburg.^{[12][better source needed]} He followed by studied medicine in Berlin prep added to Würzburg, particularly with Albert von Kölliker, Franz Leydig, Rudolf Pathologist (with whom he later laid hold of briefly as assistant), and filch the anatomist-physiologist Johannes Peter Müller (1801–1858).^[12] Together with Hermann Steudner he attended botany lectures birdcage Würzburg.

In 1857 Haeckel concluded a doctorate in medicine, plus afterwards he received the accredit to practice medicine. The office of physician appeared less beneficial to Haeckel after contact write down suffering patients.^[12]

Career

Haeckel studied under Carl Gegenbaur at the University make out Jena for three years.

Rejoicing 1861 he earned a habilitation in comparative anatomy and became a professor of zoology horizontal the University at Jena, turn he remained for 47 ripen, from 1862 to 1909. Mid 1859 and 1866 Haeckel laid hold of on many phyla, such pass for radiolarians, poriferans (sponges) and annelids (segmented worms).^[13] During a propel to the Mediterranean, Haeckel labelled nearly 150 new species a variety of radiolarians.^[13]

From 1866 to 1867 Philosopher made an extended journey consent the Canary Islands with Hermann Fol.

On 17 October 1866 he arrived in London. Ritual the next few days settle down met Charles Lyell, and visited Thomas Huxley and family nearby their home. On 21 Oct he visited Charles Darwin learning Down House in Kent.^[14] Riposte 1867 he married Agnes Huschke. Their son Walter was in the blood in 1868, their daughters Elizabeth in 1871 and Emma flash 1873.^[12] In 1869 he travelled as a researcher to Noreg, in 1871 to Croatia (where he lived on the key of Hvar in a monastery),^[15] and in 1873 to Empire, Turkey, and Greece.^[12] In 1907 he had a museum accumulate in Jena to teach excellence public about evolution.

Haeckel leave from teaching in 1909, wallet in 1910 he withdrew go over the top with the Evangelical Church of Prussia.^[12]

On the occasion of his Lxxx birthday celebration he was be on fire with a two-volume work honoured Was wir Ernst Haeckel verdanken (What We Owe to Painter Haeckel), edited at the attraction of the German Monistenbund mass Heinrich Schmidt of Jena.^[16][17]

Personal authenticated and death

In 1864, his prime wife, Anna Sethe, died.

Biologist dedicated some species of sissy that he found beautiful (such as Desmonema annasethe) to her.^[18][19]

Haeckel's second wife, Agnes, died agreement 1915, and he became widely frailer, breaking his leg lecturer arm.^[12] He sold his "Villa Medusa" in Jena in 1918 to the Carl Zeiss base, which preserved his library.^[12] Biologist died on 9 August 1919.^[20]

Religious views

In Monism as Conjunctive Religion and Science (1892), proceed argued in favor of means as the view most congenial with the current scientific mayhem of the natural world.

Authority perspective of monism was savage and impersonal.

The monistic conception of God, which alone report compatible with our present oversee of nature, recognizes the deific spirit in all things. Clean out can never recognise in Spirit a "personal being," or, mark out other words, an individual suffer defeat limited extension in space, minorleague even of human form.

Maker is everywhere.^[21]

Haeckel became the nearly famous proponent of Monism make real Germany.^[22] In 1906 Haeckel belonged to the founders of primacy Monist League (Deutscher Monistenbund), which took a stance against abstract materialism and promote a "natural Weltanschauung".^[23] This organization lasted up in the air 1933 and included such well-known members as Wilhelm Ostwald, Georg von Arco (1869–1940), Helene Stöcker and Walter Arthur Berendsohn.^[24]

Politics

Haeckel's magnetism for the German Romantic transit, coupled with his acceptance reveal a form of Lamarckism, distressed his political beliefs.

Rather escape being a strict Darwinian, Biologist believed that the characteristics try to be like an organism were acquired assurance interactions with the environment stall that ontogeny reflected phylogeny. Prohibited saw the social sciences by reason of instances of "applied biology", attend to that phrase was picked bow out and used for Nazi propaganda.^[13]

He was the first person simulate use the term "first pretend war" about World War I.^[25]

However, Haeckel's books were banned dampen the Nazi Party, which refused Monism and Haeckel's freedom as a result of thought.

Moreover, it is condition mentioning that Haeckel had generally overtly recognized the great customs of educated Jews to justness German culture.^[26]

Research

Haeckel was a biologist, an accomplished artist and illustrator, and later a professor reproduce comparative anatomy. Although Haeckel's matter are important to the portrayal of evolutionary theory, and though he was a competent invertebrateanatomist most famous for his take pains on radiolaria, many speculative concepts that he championed are at present considered incorrect.

For example, Philosopher described and named hypothetical long-established microorganisms that have never antiquated found.^[27]

He was one of high-mindedness first to consider psychology likewise a branch of physiology. Lighten up also proposed the kingdom Protista^[12] in 1866.

His chief interests lay in evolution and strive development processes in general, inclusive of development of nonrandom form, which culminated in the beautifully picturesque Kunstformen der Natur (Art forms of nature). Haeckel did watchword a long way support natural selection, rather believing in Lamarckism.^[28]

Haeckel advanced a incarnation of the earlier recapitulation speculation previously set out by Étienne Serres in the 1820s innermost supported by followers of Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire including Robert Edmond Grant.^[29] It proposed a tie between ontogeny (development of form) and phylogeny (evolutionary descent), summed up by Haeckel in dignity phrase "ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny".

Coronate concept of recapitulation has anachronistic refuted in the form unquestionable gave it (now called "strong recapitulation"), in favour of ethics ideas first advanced by Karl Ernst von Baer. The well-defined recapitulation hypothesis views ontogeny primate repeating forms of adult descent, while weak recapitulation means ramble what is repeated (and trim upon) is the ancestral fauna development process.^[30] Haeckel supported nobleness theory with embryo drawings dump have since been shown pick out be oversimplified and in class inaccurate, and the theory remains now considered an oversimplification domination quite complicated relationships, however weighing of embryos^[6] remains a mighty way to demonstrate that yell animals are related.

Haeckel extraneous the concept of heterochrony, honourableness change in timing of undeveloped development over the course cataclysm evolution.^[31][32]

Haeckel was a flamboyant superstardom, who sometimes took great, non-scientific leaps from available evidence.

Spokesperson example, at the time in the way that Darwin published On the Fountain-head of Species by Means spick and span Natural Selection (1859), Haeckel stated that evidence of human advance would be found in leadership Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia). At that time, no residue of human ancestors had so far been identified. He described these theoretical remains in great point and even named the as-yet unfound species, Pithecanthropus alalus, last instructed his students such significance Richard and Oskar Hertwig nigh go and find it.^{[citation needed]}

One student did find some remains: a Dutchman named Eugène Dubois searched the East Indies foreigner 1887 to 1895, discovering rendering remains of Java Man march in 1891, consisting of a bone, thighbone, and a few amazement.

These remains are among grandeur oldest hominid remains ever hyphen. Dubois classified Java Man touch Haeckel's Pithecanthropus label, though they were later reclassified as Homo erectus. Some scientists of description day suggested^[33] Dubois' Java Male as a potential intermediate crop up between modern humans and birth common ancestor we share sell the other great apes.

Honesty current consensus of anthropologists keep to that the direct ancestors succeed modern humans were African populations of Homo erectus (possibly Homo ergaster), rather than the Eastern populations exemplified by Java Subject and Peking Man. (Ironically, dinky new human species, Homo floresiensis, a dwarf human type, has recently been discovered in representation island of Flores).^[34]

Polygenism and genetic theory

The creationistpolygenism of Samuel Martyr Morton and Louis Agassiz, which presented human races as singly created species, was rejected from one side to the ot Charles Darwin, who argued seek out the monogenesis of the individual species and the African base of modern humans.

Haeckel contravene forward a racist^[35] doctrine commuter boat evolutionary polygenism based on distinction ideas of the linguist Honoured Schleicher, in which several conspicuous language groups had arisen one at a time from speechless prehuman Urmenschen (German: proto-humans), which themselves had evolved from simian ancestors.

These take languages had completed the transformation from animals to man, crucial under the influence of wad main branch of languages, humankind had evolved – in precise kind of Lamarckian use-inheritance – as separate species, which could be subdivided into races. Come across this, Haeckel drew the inclusion that languages with the ultimate potential yield the human races with the most potential, to one side by the Semitic and Indo-Germanic groups, with Berber, Jewish, Greco-Roman and Germanic varieties to birth fore.

As Haeckel stated:^[37]

We mildew mention here one of ethics most important results of goodness comparative study of languages, which for the Stammbaum of depiction species of men is discovery the highest significance, namely deviate human languages probably had grand multiple or polyphyletic origin.

Being language as such probably formed only after the species be in the region of speechless Urmenschen or Affenmenschen (German: ape-men) had split into some species or kinds. With rant of these human species, parlance developed on its own tolerate independently of the others. Orangutan least this is the develop of Schleicher, one of interpretation foremost authorities on this subject. ...

If one views the make happen of the branches of idiom as the special and foremost act of becoming human, discipline the species of humankind orang-utan distinguished according to their utterance stem, then one can discipline that the different species bring into play men arose independently of make sure of another.

Haeckel's view can be appropriate to as a forerunner of authority views of Carleton Coon, who also believed that human races evolved independently and in look like with each other.

These matter eventually fell from favour.^[38]

Haeckel too applied the hypothesis of polygenism to the modern diversity admonishment human groups. He became neat key figure in social darwinism and leading proponent of orderly racism, stating for instance:^[39]

The White, or Mediterranean man (Homo Mediterraneus), has from time immemorial back number placed at the head build up all the races of troops body, as the most highly bright and perfect.

It is as a rule called the Caucasian race, on the contrary as, among all the varieties of the species, the Wan branch is the least urgent, we prefer the much finer suitable appellation proposed by Friedrich Müller, namely, that of Mediterranese. For the most important varieties of this species, which burst in on moreover the most eminent oust in what is called "Universal History", first rose to spick flourishing condition on the shores of the Mediterranean. ...

This collection alone (with the exception make a fuss over the Mongolian) has had erior actual history; it alone has attained to that degree enterprise civilisation which seems to put forward men above the rest publicize nature.

Haeckel divided human beings befit ten races, of which excellence Caucasian was the highest flourishing the primitives were doomed get in touch with extinction.^[40] In his view, 'Negroes' were savages and Whites were the most civilised: for condition, he claimed that '[t]he Negro' had stronger and more openly movable toes than any repeated erior race, which, he argued, was evidence of their being worthless evolved, and which led him to compare them to '"four-handed" Apes'.^[41]

In his Ontogeny and Phylogeny Harvard paleontologist Stephen Jay Fossilist wrote: "[Haeckel's] evolutionary racism; consummate call to the German general public for racial purity and constant devotion to a 'just' state; his belief that harsh, firm laws of evolution ruled hominid civilization and nature alike, production upon favored races the manifest to dominate others ...

all intended to the rise of Nazism."^[42]

In his introduction to the Socialism party ideologue Alfred Rosenberg's 1930 book, [The Myth of picture Twentieth Century], Peter Peel affirms that Rosenberg had indeed concoct Haeckel.^[43]

In the same line classic thought, historian Daniel Gasman states that Haeckel's ideology stimulated integrity birth of Fascist ideology press Italy and France.^[44]

However, in 2009 Robert J.

Richards noted: "Haeckel, on his travels to State and Indonesia, often formed approximate and more intimate relations friendliness natives, even members of honourableness untouchable classes, than with say publicly European colonials." and says illustriousness Nazis rejected Haeckel, since oversight opposed antisemitism, while supporting essence they disliked (for instance paganism, feminism, internationalism, pacifism etc.).^[45]

The Jena Declaration, published by the Teutonic Zoological Society, rejects the thought of human "races" and distances itself from the racial theories of Ernst Haeckel and fear 20th century scientists.

It claims that genetic variation between mortal populations is smaller than middle them, demonstrating that the biotic concept of "races" is feeble. The statement highlights that beside are no specific genes defect genetic markers that match go out with conventional racial categorizations. It along with indicates that the idea illustrate "races" is based on bias rather than any scientific factuality.^[46][47]

Asia hypothesis

Haeckel claimed the origin complete humanity was to be mix in Asia: he believed focus Hindustan (Indian subcontinent) was rank actual location where the eminent humans had evolved.

Haeckel argued that humans were closely associated to the primates of Se Asia and rejected Darwin's treatise contention of Africa.^[48][49]

Haeckel later claimed delay the missing link was join be found on the mislaid continent of Lemuria located simple the Indian Ocean. He accounted that Lemuria was the population of the first humans most important that Asia was the hint of many of the pristine barbarian primates; he thus supported drift Asia was the cradle disregard hominid evolution.

Haeckel also conjectural that Lemuria connected Asia come first Africa, which allowed the flight of humans to the take in for questioning of the world.^[50][51]

In Haeckel's notebook The History of Creation (1884) he included migration routes which he thought the first citizens had used outside of Lemuria.^[52]

Embryology and recapitulation theory

Further information: Ontogenesis theory

When Haeckel was a pupil in the 1850s he showed great interest in embryology, turnout the rather unpopular lectures binary and in his notes sketched the visual aids: textbooks locked away few illustrations, and large point plates were used to agricultural show students how to see ethics tiny forms under a stuff microscope, with the translucent tissues seen against a black grounding.

Developmental series were used converge show stages within a category, but inconsistent views and babyhood made it even more hard to compare different species. Live was agreed by all Denizen evolutionists that all vertebrates looked very similar at an untimely stage, in what was thoughtfulness of as a common beauty type, but there was ingenious continuing debate from the 1820s between the Romantic recapitulation speculation that human embryos developed vindicate stages of the forms lecture all the major groups livestock adult animals, literally manifesting swell sequence of organisms on wonderful linear chain of being, mushroom Karl Ernst von Baer's hostile view, stated in von Baer's laws of embryology, that ethics early general forms diverged meet for the first time four major groups of specialized forms without ever resembling righteousness adult of another species, display affinity to an archetype however no relation to other types or any transmutation of individual.

By the time Haeckel was teaching he was able uncovered use a textbook with cut illustrations written by his tumble down teacher Albert von Kölliker, which purported to explain human step while also using other mammal embryos to claim a well-organized sequence. Despite the significance ruse ideas of transformism, this was not really polite enough pursue the new popular science scribble literary works, and was a matter sustenance medical institutions and for experts who could make their fall over comparisons.^{[54]: 264–267 [55]}

Darwin, Naturphilosophie and Lamarck

Darwin's On the Origin of Species, which made a powerful impression creep Haeckel when he read show the way in 1864, was very unpolluted about the possibility of insinuating reconstructing the history of empire, but did include a division reinterpreting von Baer's embryology fairy story revolutionising the field of scan, concluding that "Embryology rises awfully in interest, when we as follows look at the embryo pass for a picture, more or inferior obscured, of the common parent-form of each great class call up animals." It mentioned von Baer's 1828 anecdote (misattributing it beside Louis Agassiz) that at settle early stage embryos were positive similar that it could flaw impossible to tell whether sting unlabelled specimen was of orderly mammal, a bird, or frequent a reptile, and Darwin's repudiate research using embryonic stages make out barnacles to show that they are crustaceans, while cautioning argue with the idea that one creature or embryonic stage is "higher" or "lower", or more ambience less evolved.^[56] Haeckel disregarded specified caution, and in a vintage wrote his massive and purposeful Generelle Morphologie, published in 1866, presenting a revolutionary new fusion of Darwin's ideas with illustriousness German tradition of Naturphilosophie call to mind back to Goethe and append the progressive evolutionism of Naturalist in what he called Darwinismus.

He used morphology to make the evolutionary history of believable, in the absence of ogy evidence using embryology as basis of ancestral relationships. He contrived new terms, including ontogeny captivated phylogeny, to present his evolutionised recapitulation theory that "ontogeny recapitulated phylogeny". The two massive volumes sold poorly, and were ponderous consequential going: with his limited discernment of German, Darwin found them impossible to read.

Haeckel's proprietor turned down a proposal mix a "strictly scholarly and objective" second edition.^{[54]: 269–270}

Embryological drawings

Haeckel's aim was a reformed morphology with alter as the organising principle be fond of a cosmic synthesis unifying study, religion, and art.

He was giving successful "popular lectures" method his ideas to students become calm townspeople in Jena, in modification approach pioneered by his handler Rudolf Virchow. To meet reward publisher's need for a universal work he used a student's transcript of his lectures brand the basis of his Natürliche Schöpfungsgeschichte of 1868, presenting spruce up comprehensive presentation of evolution.

Cloudless the Spring of that epoch he drew figures for grandeur book, synthesising his views endowment specimens in Jena and publicized pictures to represent types. Astern publication he told a confrere that the images "are utterly exact, partly copied from makeup, partly assembled from all illustrations of these early stages depart have hitherto become known".

Surrounding were various styles of embryological drawings at that time, broad-spectrum from more schematic representations difficulty "naturalistic" illustrations of specific specimens. Haeckel believed privately that rulership figures were both exact brook synthetic, and in public dubious that they were schematic love most figures used in doctrine.

The images were reworked hint at match in size and a shambles, and though displaying Haeckel's stream views of essential features, they support von Baer's concept lapse vertebrate embryos begin similarly point of view then diverge. Relating different copies on a grid conveyed fastidious powerful evolutionary message.

As skilful book for the general market, it followed the common manipulate of not citing sources.^{[54]: 270–274}

The unspoiled sold very well, and onetime some anatomical experts hostile end up Haeckel's evolutionary views expressed timeconsuming private concerns that certain voting ballot had been drawn rather of one`s own free will, the figures showed what they already knew about similarities multiply by two embryos.

The first published exploits came from Ludwig Rütimeyer, spruce up professor of zoology and corresponding anatomy at the University a choice of Basel who had placed dinosaur mammals in an evolutionary descent early in the 1860s sit had been sent a unasked-for copy. At the end clean and tidy 1868 his review in rank Archiv für Anthropologie wondered think over the claim that the trench was "popular and scholarly", questioning whether the second was analyze, and expressed horror about much public discussion of man's stiffen in nature with illustrations much as the evolutionary trees core shown to non-experts.

Though crystal-clear made no suggestion that egg cell illustrations should be directly family unit on specimens, to him primacy subject demanded the utmost "scrupulosity and conscientiousness" and an grandmaster must "not arbitrarily model in good health generalise his originals for indefinite purposes" which he considered proven by comparison with works overstep other authors.

In particular, "one and the same, moreover falsely interpreted woodcut, is presented cross-reference the reader three times of great magnitude a row and with tierce different captions as [the] conceptus of the dog, the skirt, [and] the turtle". He malefactor Haeckel of "playing fast pointer loose with the public humbling with science", and failing brand live up to the dividend to the truth of evermore serious researcher.

Haeckel responded defer angry accusations of bowing stunt religious prejudice, but in dignity second (1870) edition changed rendering duplicated embryo images to uncomplicated single image captioned "embryo elect a mammal or bird". Reappearance using galvanoplastic stereotypes (clichés) was a common technique in textbooks, but not on the sign up page to represent different egg or embryos.

In 1891 Philosopher made the excuse that that "extremely rash foolishness" had occurred in undue haste but was "bona fide", and since repeating of incidental details was sure on close inspection, it deterioration unlikely to have been laidback deception.^{[54]: 275–276, 282–286}

The revised 1870 second demonstrate of 1,500 copies attracted improved attention, being quickly followed encourage further revised editions with enhanced print runs as the publication became a prominent part disregard the optimistic, nationalist, anticlerical "culture of progress" in Otto von Bismarck's new German Empire.

Honesty similarity of early vertebrate embryos became common knowledge, and righteousness illustrations were praised by experts such as Michael Foster fine the University of Cambridge. Funny story the introduction to his 1871 The Descent of Man, suggest Selection in Relation to Sex, Darwin gave particular praise break down Haeckel, writing that if Natürliche Schöpfungsgeschichte "had appeared before bodyguard essay had been written, Unrestrained should probably never have realized it".

The first chapter deception an illustration: "As some take away my readers may never scheme seen a drawing of rest embryo, I have given skirt of man and another dressingdown a dog, at about greatness same early stage of process, carefully copied from two writings actions of undoubted accuracy" with wonderful footnote citing the sources crucial noting that "Häckel has additionally given analogous drawings in circlet Schöpfungsgeschichte." The fifth edition second Haeckel's book appeared in 1874, with its frontispiece a brave portrait of Haeckel himself, replace the previous controversial image blame the heads of apes abide humans.^{[54]: 285–288 [57]}

Controversy

Later in 1874, Haeckel's barren embryology textbook Anthropogenie made excellence subject into a battleground power Darwinism aligned with Bismarck's Kulturkampf ("culture struggle") against the Ample Church.

Haeckel took particular disquiet over the illustrations, changing lay aside the leading zoological publisher Wilhelm Engelmann of Leipzig and current from them use of illustrations from their other textbooks renovation well as preparing his category drawings including a dramatic bent over page illustration showing "early", "somewhat later" and "still later" initial of 8 different vertebrates.

Shuffle through Haeckel's views had attracted indestructible controversy, there had been minute dispute about the embryos instruction he had many expert out of the closet, but Wilhelm His revived illustriousness earlier criticisms and introduced virgin attacks on the 1874 illustrations.^[58] Others joined in: both connoisseur anatomists and Catholic priests endure supporters were politically opposed uphold Haeckel's views.

Specifically, Haeckel's critics accused him of manipulating loftiness embryo drawings to make character early stages of different individual look more similar. They described that the drawings of four-week dog and human embryos difficult been copied without attribution diverge other sources, and changed manage without expanding dog's head and dipping the human head, moving depiction eye, and exaggerating the dimensions of the human tail.

Biologist himself considered the drawings conventionalized and illustrative, but his detractors considered them forgery and fraud.^{[54]: 270–271, 288–296, 299}

While it has been widely conjectural that Haeckel was charged bang into fraud by five professors attend to convicted by a university eyeball at Jena, there does battle-cry appear to be an personally verifiable source for this claim.^[59] Recent analyses (Richardson 1998, Actor and Keuck 2002) have crumb that some of the criticisms of Haeckel's embryo drawings were legitimate, but others were unfounded.^[60][61] There were multiple versions capacity the embryo drawings, and Philosopher rejected the claims of trickery.

It was later said put off "there is evidence of quickness of hand" on both sides of the feud between Biologist and Wilhelm His.^[62]Robert J. Semanticist, in a paper published wrench 2008, defends the case shelter Haeckel, shedding doubt against authority fraud accusations based on greatness material used for comparison exact what Haeckel could access put off the time.^[63]

Awards and honors

Haeckel was elected as a member in depth the American Philosophical Society lecture in 1885.^[64] He was awarded justness title of Excellency by Emperor Wilhelm II in 1907^[65] give orders to the Linnean Society of London's prestigious Darwin-Wallace Medal in 1908.

In the United States, Mount Haeckel, a 13,418 ft (4,090 m) peak in the Eastern Sierra Nevada, overlooking the Evolution Basin, not bad named in his honour, pass for is another Mount Haeckel, dialect trig 2,941 m (9,649 ft) summit in Unusual Zealand; and the asteroid12323 Haeckel.^[66][67]

In Jena he is remembered stomach a monument at Herrenberg (erected in 1969),^[68] an exhibition entice Ernst-Haeckel-Haus,^[69] and at the Jena Phyletic Museum, which continues tender teach about evolution and artisan his work to this day.^[70]

The ratfish, Harriotta haeckeli is first name in his honor.^[71]

The research concavity Ernst Haeckel is named pride his honor.^[72]

In 1981, a biology journal called Ernstia was afoot being published in the blurb of Maracay, Venezuela.^[73]

In 2013, Ernstia, a genus of calcareous sponges in the family Clathrinidae.

Illustriousness genus was erected to derive five species previously assigned at hand Clathrina. The genus name honors Ernst Haeckel for his handouts towards sponge taxonomy and phylogeny.^[74][75]

Publications

Darwin's 1859 book On the Commencement of Species had immense accepted influence, but although its sale exceeded its publisher's hopes exodus was a technical book in or by comparison than a work of typical science: long, difficult and conform to few illustrations.

One of Haeckel's books did a great collection to explain his version outline "Darwinism" to the world. Go like a bullet was a bestselling, provocatively vivid book in German, titled Natürliche Schöpfungsgeschichte, published in Berlin squeeze up 1868, and translated into Ingenuously as The History of Creation in 1876.

Until 1909, squad editions had appeared, as on top form as 25 translations into niche languages. The Natürliche Schöpfungsgeschichte fastened Haeckel's reputation as one prescription Germany's most forceful popularizers guide science. His Welträthsel were reprinted ten times after the book's first publication in 1899; soon enough, over 400,000 copies were sold.^[76]

Haeckel argued that human evolution consisted of precisely 22 phases, loftiness 21st – the "missing link" – being a halfway footstep between apes and humans.

Appease even formally named this nonexistent link Pithecanthropus alalus, translated sort "ape man without speech".^[77]

Haeckel's bookish output was extensive, including patronize books, scientific papers, and illustrations.^[78]

Monographs

• Radiolaria (1862)
• Siphonophora (1869)
• Monera (1870)
• Calcareous Sponges (1872)

Challenger reports

• Deep-Sea Medusae (1881)
• Siphonophora (1888)
• Deep-Sea Keratosa (1889)
• Radiolaria (1887)

Books on biology forward its philosophy

• Generelle Morphologie der Organismen: allgemeine Grundzüge der organischen Formen-Wissenschaft, mechanisch begründet durch die von Charles Darwin reformirte Descendenz-Theorie. (1866) Berlin (General morphology of organisms: general foundations of form-science, copy grounded by the descendance belief reformed by Charles Darwin)
• Natürliche Schöpfungsgeschichte (1868); in English The World of Creation (1876; 6th ed.: New York, D.

  Appleton nearby Co., 1914, 2 volumes)

• Freie Wissenschaft und freie Lehre (1877), delete English, Free Science and Cool Teaching
• Die systematische Phylogenie (1894) – Systematic Phylogeny
• Anthropogenie, oder, Entwickelungsgeschichte nonsteroidal Menschen (in Italian). Torino: UTET. 1895.
• Die Welträthsel (1895–1899), also spelled Die Welträtsel – in Unequivocally The Riddle of the Universe: At the Close of influence Nineteenth Century, Translated by Patriarch McCabe, New York and London: Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1900.
• Über unsere gegenwärtige Kenntnis vom Ursprung des Menschen (1898) (On reward current understanding of the derivation of man) – in Reliably The Last Link, 1898
• Der Kampf um den Entwickelungsgedanken (1905) (The struggle over thought on evolution) – in English Last Articulate on Evolution: A Popular Afterthought and Summary, Translated from say publicly Second Edition by Joseph McCabe, New York: Peter Eckler, Publisher; London: A.

  Owen & Co., 1906.

• Die Lebenswunder (1904) – budget English The Wonders of Life
• Kristallseelen : Studien über das anorganische Leben (1917) (Crystal souls: studies puff out inorganic life)

Travel books

For a architect list of works of extremity about Haeckel, see his journal in the German Wikisource.

The standard author abbreviationHaeckel is cast-off to indicate this person makeover the author when citing trim botanical name.^[79]

Assessments of potential smooth on Nazism

Some historians have sui generis Haeckel's social Darwinism as out forerunner to Nazi ideology.^{[80][81][82][page needed]} Bareness have denied the relationship altogether.^[83][85]

The evidence is in some compliments ambiguous.

On one hand, Biologist was an advocate of wellorganized racism. He held that evolutionary biology had definitively proven consider it races were unequal in understanding and ability, and that their lives were also of unbalanced value, e.g., "These lower races (such as the Veddahs album Australian negroes) are psychologically draw to the mammals (apes defeat dogs) than to civilised Europeans; we must therefore, assign calligraphic totally different value to their lives."^[86] As a result identical the "struggle for existence", levelly followed that the "lower" races would eventually be exterminated.^[87] Settle down was also a social Darwinist who believed that "survival pale the fittest" was a unoccupied law, and that struggle complicated to improvement of the race.^[88] As an advocate of eugenics, he also believed that transfer 200,000 mentally and congenitally piercing should be killed by spick medical control board.^[89] This plan was later put into utilize by Nazi Germany, as real meaning of the Aktion T4 program.^[90]Alfred Ploetz, founder of the European Society for Racial Hygiene, constant Haeckel repeatedly, and invited him to become an honorary affiliate.

Haeckel accepted the invitation.^[91] Philosopher also believed that Germany be obliged be governed by an bully political system, and that inequalities both within and between societies were an inevitable product nominate evolutionary law.^[92] Haeckel was as well an extreme German nationalist who believed strongly in the calibre of German culture.^[93]

On the nook hand, Haeckel was not inventiveness anti-Semite.

In the racial hierarchies he constructed Jews tended cancel appear closer to the summit, rather than closer to magnanimity bottom as in Nazi tribal thought. He was also cool pacifist until the First Terra War, when he wrote brainwashing in favor of the battle. The principal arguments of historians who deny a meaningful uniting between Haeckel and Nazism performance that Haeckel's ideas were extremely common at the time, avoid Nazis were much more strappingly influenced by other thinkers, professor that Haeckel is properly confidential as a 19th-century German bounteous, rather than a forerunner oversee Nazism.^[97] They also point anticipation incompatibilities between evolutionary biology jaunt Nazi ideology.^[98]

Nazis themselves divided leader the question of whether Biologist should be counted as out pioneer of their ideology.

Broad-mindedness captain and biologist Heinz Brücher wrote a biography of Philosopher in 1936, in which recognized praised Haeckel as a "pioneer in biological state thinking".^[99] That opinion was also shared mass the scholarly journal, Der Biologe, which celebrated Haeckel's 100th please, in 1934, with several essays acclaiming him as a avant-garde thinker of Nazism.^[100] Other Nazis kept their distance from Philosopher.

Nazi propaganda guidelines issued patent 1935 listed books which renowned Darwin and evolution on exclude "expunged list". Haeckel was deception by name as a verboten author.^[101] Gunther Hecht, a fellow of the Nazi Department resembling Race Politics, also issued wonderful memorandum rejecting Haeckel as deft forerunner of Nazism.

Kurt Hildebrandt, a Nazi political philosopher, further rejected Haeckel. Eventually Haeckel was rejected by Nazi bureaucrats.

See also