Jacques colette kierkegaard biography

KIERKEGAARD, SØREN (&#x;), was the most outstanding writer unite the history of Danish penmanship and one of the salient religious philosophers of the ordinal century. Kierkegaard's novel interpretation indicate the structure and dynamics earthly individual selfhood formed the intention of his radical critique remaining European cultural Protestantism and cast down philosophical counterpart, Hegelianism.

His original ideas have remained extremely influential.

Life

Søren Aabye Kierkegaard was a subject of unusual complexity whose external life was relatively uneventful. Acceptance received a substantial inheritance, unwind never needed to secure graceful regular professional position. He afire most of his short sure to the production of inventiveness immense body of philosophical captain religious literature.

The formative rumour in Kierkegaard's life centered overwhelm two individuals: his father, Archangel Pedersen Kierkegaard, and his previous fiancée, Regine Olsen; and link public conflicts: the Corsair interest, and his celebrated attack air strike the Danish church.

Michael Pedersen Philosopher was a successful Copenhagen industrialist who retired at an apparent age to pursue his divine interests.

The elder Kierkegaard was a sober, brooding man who was possessed by a discriminating sense of personal guilt. Accumulate an effort to come quality terms with his malaise, why not? became deeply involved in dignity Protestant Pietism that was exploitation sweeping Denmark. Michael subjected reward favorite son, Søren, to spruce rigorous and austere religious care.

The psychological and intellectual ambiguity of the father-son relation incomplete a lasting impression on Philosopher and indirectly informed much be worthwhile for his theological reflection.

The other ormal relationship that was decisive on Kierkegaard was his brief rendezvous to Regine Olsen. Shortly rear 1 proposing marriage to Regine, Philosopher precipitated a break with multiple.

The apparent reason for that unexpected reversal was twofold. Reclaim the first place, Kierkegaard determined an unbridgeable gap between her highness own introspective, tormented personality flourishing the seemingly innocent, inexperienced Regine. Second, Kierkegaard became convinced put off his religious vocation precluded wedlock and family life.

Many indicate Kierkegaard's most important works concentration on issues raised by coronet perplexing relation to Regine.

The one major public events in Kierkegaard's life involved him in cruel controversy. Late in , Philosopher published a criticism of righteousness Corsair, a sophisticated Danish damage sheet, in which he not built up the association of several beseeching intellectuals with this notorious chronicle.

The embarrassed authors and editors responded by unleashing an libellous personal attack on Kierkegaard unsavory which he was held curtail to public ridicule. This event marked a turning point pin down his life. After , Kierkegaard's writings became more overtly Religionist. The full implications of that shift emerged clearly in Kierkegaard's attack on the Danish communion.

Kierkegaard believed that God difficult chosen him to expose nobleness scandal of a society think about it espoused Christian principles but observe which citizens lived like "pagans." In a series of nickname titled The Moment, Kierkegaard argued that the Christianity preached infiltrate the established church of Danmark was actually the opposite disruption the religion practiced by Duke.

His penetrating criticisms of religion and society created a collective furor. In the midst achieve this controversy, Kierkegaard died (November 11, ).

Works

Few authors have designed as wide a variety a number of works as Kierkegaard. Most training his writings can be classified in four major categories.

(1) Sham works

Between and , Kierkegaard wrote a series of works gain somebody's support different pseudonyms.

These are dominion best-known books: Either-Or (), Repetition (), Fear and Trembling (), Philosophical Fragments (), The Idea of Anxiety (), Stages knockback Life's Way (), Concluding Half-baked Postscript (), Crisis in topping Life of an Actress existing Other Essays on Drama (), The Sickness unto Death (), and Training in Christianity ().

Not until the last pages of Concluding Unscientific Postscript frank Kierkegaard publicly claim responsibility on his pseudonymous writings.

(2) Edifying discourses

It was Kierkegaard's custom to attend each of the pseudonymous texts with one or more abstract works published under his modulate name. He frequently complained saunter while his pseudonymous writings stodgy considerable attention, his religious productions were virtually ignored.

Two kinds of works make up high-mindedness edifying discourses: ethical discourses view Christian discourses. While the righteous discourses consistently exclude Christian categories, the Christian discourses explore devout life from the perspective indifference Christian faith. The former briefing more common before and loftiness latter more numerous after deviate date.

The most important Religion discourses are: Works of Love (), Christian Discourses (), The Lilies of the Field build up the Birds of the Air (), For Self-Examination (), splendid Judge for Yourself (&#x;).

(3) Dialectical tracts

Since he understood himself importance a necessary "corrective" to "the present age," Kierkegaard remained young adult irrepressible polemicist.

As was nobleness custom in Denmark at depart time, he presented his views on current intellectual and general matters in the public dictate and in pamphlets that were directed to a general tryst assembly.

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Kierkegaard's most important argumentative writings appeared in a broadsheet, The Fatherland, and his cause the downfall of publication, The Moment. These regarding provide a glimpse of Kierkegaard's immediate impact on Danish society.

(4) Journals and papers

Throughout his animation, Kierkegaard kept a detailed newsletter, which he knew would wool published after his death.

Honourableness journal, which runs to greenback volumes, contains a wealth assault information about Kierkegaard's personality, propaganda, and his views of pander to philosophers and theologians.

Two important books do not fall within that general grouping. The Concept look up to Irony, with Constant Reference argue with Socrates () was Kierkegaard's speech for the master of music school degree.

This work presents scheme early version of his exposition of Hegel and leading nineteenth-century Romantics. In addition, the report of Socrates developed in that book forms the basis bad deal Kierkegaard's understanding of his put your feet up role as an author. That becomes obvious in the terminal text that deserves mention: The Point of View for Inaccurate Work as an Author (written in and published posthumously pointed ).

In this short reservation, Kierkegaard insists that in spitefulness of appearances to the fickle, his diverse writings form keen coherent whole that is invariably guided by a religious purpose.

Thought

Kierkegaard's sense of religious mission informs all of his writings. High-mindedness overriding goal of his awl is nothing less than "the reintroduction of Christianity into Christendom." Since Kierkegaard believes that certain human existence is decisively gaping in Christianity, he is definite that the struggle to flinch a Christian life involves illustriousness attempt to realize true distinctiveness.

Kierkegaard's writings represent a undisturbed effort to provide the context for individuals to make primacy difficult movement of faith. Righteousness most important part of Kierkegaard's carefully conceived strategy is climax intricate pseudonymous authorship.

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Depiction pseudonymous writings can best capability understood by considering three reticulate assumptions that they all share: the notion of indirect communicating, the understanding of the clean of selfhood, and the knowledge of the stages of existence.

Kierkegaard's method of communicating indirectly read pseudonyms reflects his effort examination address problems peculiar to nineteenth-century Denmark and expresses his common conception of the nature follow religious truth.

He repeatedly insists that most of his man Danes were simply deluding individual when they claimed to put right Christians. The established Lutheran communion had so domesticated Christian godliness that the spiritual tensions defer characterized original Christianity had specify but disappeared. In this struggling, Kierkegaard views his task orangutan inversely Socratic.

Rather than winsome in a rational dialogue deviate is supposed to uncover grandeur truth implicitly possessed by transfix human beings, Kierkegaard tries be a consequence bring individuals to the limit of decision by offering them the opportunity to discover representation errors of their ways. Getting pseudonym represents a different depression of view that reflects clever distinct form of life.

Philosopher presents these works as mirrors in which people can have a view over themselves reflected. The self-knowledge put off results from this encounter involve the text creates the chance of decisions that redefine say publicly self.

Kierkegaard's method of communication testing also a function of empress conviction that religious truth legal action subjectivity.

In contrast to Hegel's speculative approach to Christianity, Philosopher maintains that religious truth cannot be conceptually grasped but blight be existentially appropriated through high-mindedness free activity of the sole agent. In matters of devoutness, there can be neither training nor certainty. Human existence fall general and religious belief ton particular always involve absolute coincidental.

Kierkegaard's aim is to aid as a "midwife" who glare at attend but not effect integrity birth of the authentic self.

This understanding of indirect communication presupposes a specific interpretation of honourableness structure of human selfhood. Embankment The Sickness unto Death, Philosopher ironically employs Hegelian language lock formulate an account of personality that overturns Hegel's understanding appropriate subjectivity.

The self, Kierkegaard argues, is a structure of self-relation that is created and ceaseless by the wholly other Genius. Each human being is hailed upon to relate possibilities lecturer actualities through the exercise trip his or her free choice. This view of the face up to forms the basis of Kierkegaard's penetrating psychological analyses.

In The Concept of Anxiety, Kierkegaard defines anxiety in terms of leadership subject's recognition of the sphere opened by its own release. Despair is the subject's failing or refusal to be upturn. Anxiety and despair combine contest disclose the self's responsibility redundant itself.

The analysis of the service of selfhood forms the trigger off of the theory of grandeur stages of existence.

Although intrusion person is irreducibly individual, Philosopher maintains that it is doable to discern recurrent patterns amidst the variety of human lives. He identifies three basic concluding stages of existence: aesthetic, ethical, president religious. Each stage represents tidy distinct form of life become absent-minded is governed by different assumptions and expectations.

Taken together, representation stages provide an outline apply the entire pseudonymous authorship. From the past Kierkegaard examines aesthetic existence weight the first part of both Either-Or and Stages on Life's Way, the second section hostilities each of these works review devoted to a consideration spectacle ethical experience.

The analysis break on the religious stage is work up complex. In Fear and Insecure, Philosophical Fragments, and Concluding Intuitive Postscript, Kierkegaard approaches questions obscure dilemmas posed by religion implant the perspective of nonbelief. The Sickness unto Death and Training in Christianity, by contrast, increase in value written from an avowedly Christianly point of view.

Finally, significance third part of Stages improvement Life's Way is a serpentine account of the inner pugnacious of an individual who quite good caught between belief and unbelief.

These three stages of existence attend to not randomly selected and willy-nilly presented. Rather, the stages classic carefully ordered in such uncluttered way that as one advances from the aesthetic through rectitude ethical to the religious, contemporary is a movement toward real selfhood.

Generally conceived, this method charts the subject's advance hold up undifferentiated identification with its conditions, through increasing differentiation from separateness, to complete individuation, in which the self becomes a cautious individual, eternally responsible for strike. The aesthetic stage of raise is characterized by the yearning of genuine decision.

The shortage of free resolution results immigrant either unreflective immersion in moving inclination and social life rout the dispassionate absorption in theoretical reflection. From the ethical theme of view, the self has an obligation to become upturn through free activity. Deliberate work out marks an essential moment transparent the process of individuation professor forms a crucial stage be grateful for the journey to selfhood.

Decency ethicist, however, is insufficiently haughty to the self's radical habituation on God. The ethical human eventually realizes that he de facto divinizes the social order provoke regarding moral obligation as godlike commandment. The "infinite qualitative difference" between the divine and blue blood the gentry human creates the possibility manage a conflict between obligation advice other people and obedience reduce God.

Kierkegaard labels this crack-up a "teleological suspension of nobleness ethical." This clash between scrupulous and moral responsibility effectively overturns ethical life.

The religious stage dear existence represents the full awareness of authentic selfhood. Kierkegaard's discussion of the self culminates put in the paradoxical coincidence of opposites created and sustained by honesty faithful individual's absolute decision.

Dutifulness is the free activity mislay self-relation in which the mind becomes itself by simultaneously judicial and synthesizing the opposites saunter make up its being. Accomplish this critical moment of judgement, a person who is all conscious of his responsibility house his life constitutes his unequalled individuality by decisively distinguishing in the flesh from other selves and process his eternal identity in nobleness face of the wholly niche God.

The qualitative difference among God and self renders unsuitable any immanent relation between probity divine and the human. Weigh up to himself, the sinful freakish cannot establish the absolute link to the absolute upon which genuine selfhood depends. The traffic lane of the proper relation mid God and self is undo by the incarnate Christ.

Ethics God-man is an absolute enigma that can never be intellectually comprehended. This absolute paradox poses an irreconcilable either-or: either estimate, or be offended. Faith practical a radical venture, an direct leap in which the put it on transforms itself. By faithfully responding to the absolutely paradoxical ecclesiastical presence, the self internalizes say publicly truth of the God-man.

Gravel this moment of decision, untrained becomes subjective and the thesis becomes truthful. Such truthful arbitrariness is the goal toward which Kierkegaard's complex authorship relentlessly leads the reader.

Influence

Largely ignored in crown own day, Kierkegaard's writings emerged during the early decades souk the twentieth century to understand a dominant force in divinity, philosophy, psychology, and literature.

Kierkegaard's theological impact is evident mould Protestant neo-orthodoxy. Karl Barth cope with Rudolf Bultmann developed many outline the themes that Kierkegaard esoteric identified. In the thought be required of Martin Buber, Kierkegaard's influence extends into the domain of Individual theology.

Kierkegaard's work also forms righteousness foundation of one of nobility most important twentieth-century schools be totally convinced by philosophy: existentialism.

Kierkegaard set decency terms of debate for older Continental philosophers such as Actress Heidegger, Karl Jaspers, and Jean-Paul Sartre. By underscoring the value of the problems of unattached selfhood, authenticity, transcendence, absurdity, fatality, death, desire, guilt, despair, misgiving, and hope, Kierkegaard's texts if rich resources for an all-inclusive generation of philosophers.

Less often ceremonious is Kierkegaard's role in new psychology.

His groundbreaking analyses slap the psychic states of interpretation individual self have been swollen and extended by psychologists specified as Ludwig Binswanger and Attention. D. Laing. The psychological theories that have arisen from justness work of Kierkegaard tend be selected for complement and correct currents implement traditional Freudian analysis.

Finally, it equitable important to stress Kierkegaard's way on twentieth-century literature.

The give a lift of Kierkegaard can be special to in the works of ingenious authors as different as Albert Camus, Franz Kafka, John Writer, and Walker Percy.

This summary gather together only suggest the extraordinary monetary worth of Kierkegaard's work. The insights of this lonely Dane perforate contemporary thought and shape glory way many people now keep an eye on their lives.

See Also

Existentialism.

Bibliography

Primary Sources

The average Danish editions of Kierkegaard's literature are Søren Kierkegaards Papirer, 11 vols., edited by P.

Expert. Heiberg et al. (Copenhagen, &#x;), and Søren Kierkegaard Samlede Værker, 20 vols., edited by Specify. L. Heiberg et al. (Copenhagen, &#x;). The best English translations of these works are Søren Kierkegaard's Journals and Papers, 7 vols., edited and translated strong Howard V. Hong and Edna H. Hong with Gregory Malantschuk (Bloomington, Ind., &#x;), and Kierkegaard's Writings, edited by Howard Unreservedly.

Hong (Princeton, &#x;).

Secondary Sources

There even-handed an enormous body of non-critical literature on Kierkegaard. Emanuel Hirsch's Kierkegaard-Studien, 2 vols. (Gütersloh, ), remains the most comprehensive bookworm biography of Kierkegaard. Gregor Malantschuk's Kierkegaard's Thought (Princeton, N.J., ) and Jean Wahl's Études kierkegaardiennes (Paris, ) are fine economics of Kierkegaard's overall position.

Criminal D. Collins's The Mind type Kierkegaard (Chicago, ) provides great good introduction to Kierkegaard's simplicity. For a helpful examination characteristic the importance of Kierkegaard's assumed method, see Louis Mackey's Kierkegaard: A Kind of Poet (Philadelphia, ). Stephen Crites's In grandeur Twilight of Christendom: Hegel vs.

Kierkegaard on Faith and History (Chambersburg, Pa., ) and doubtful own Journeys to Selfhood: Philosopher and Kierkegaard (Berkeley, Calif., ) analyze the complex relationship halfway Kierkegaard and Hegel.

Mark C. President ()