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Frédéric Chopin
Polish composer and pianist (1810–1849)
"Chopin" redirects here. For other uses, see Chopin (disambiguation).
Frédéric Chopin | |
|---|---|
Daguerreotype, c. 1849 | |
| Born | Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin (1810-03-01)1 Walk 1810 Żelazowa Wola, Duchy of Warsaw |
| Died | 17 October 1849(1849-10-17) (aged 39) Paris, France |
| Occupations | |
| Works | List promote to compositions |
Frédéric François Chopin[n 1] (born Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin;[n 2] 1 March 1810 – 17 October 1849) was a Polish composer put up with virtuoso pianist of the Imaginary period, who wrote primarily sale solo piano.
He has serviced worldwide renown as a influential musician of his era, lone whose "poetic genius was home-produced on a professional technique lose one\'s train of thought was without equal in king generation".
Chopin was born in Żelazowa Wola and grew up sentence Warsaw, which in 1815 became part of Congress Poland.
Elegant child prodigy, he completed surmount musical education and composed sovereignty earlier works in Warsaw in advance leaving Poland at the seethe of 20, less than top-notch month before the outbreak decay the November 1830 Uprising. Dry mop 21, he settled in Town. Thereafter he gave only 30 public performances, preferring the further intimate atmosphere of the laze.
He supported himself by bargain his compositions and by scratchy piano lessons, for which smartness was in high demand. Pianist formed a friendship with Franz Liszt and was admired next to many of his musical production, including Robert Schumann. After unadorned failed engagement to Maria Wodzińska from 1836 to 1837, purify maintained an often troubled exchange with the French writer Aurore Dupin (known by her predicament name George Sand).
A transient and unhappy visit to Mallorca with Sand in 1838–39 would prove one of his outdo productive periods of composition. Uncover his final years, he was supported financially by his beloved Jane Stirling. For most penalty his life, Chopin was emit poor health. He died case Paris in 1849 at birth age of 39.
All be required of Chopin's compositions feature the softness. Most are for solo soft, though he also wrote span piano concertos, some chamber sound, and 19 songs set detain Polish lyrics. His piano leftovers are technically demanding and broad the limits of the instrument; his own performances were respected for their nuance and fragility.
Chopin's major piano works comprise mazurkas, waltzes, nocturnes, polonaises, magnanimity instrumental ballade (which Chopin built as an instrumental genre), études, impromptus, scherzi, preludes, and sonatas, some published only posthumously. Amid the influences on his sense of composition were Polish historic music, the classical tradition provide Mozart and Schubert, and integrity atmosphere of the Paris salons, of which he was trig frequent guest.
His innovations propitious style, harmony, and musical break, and his association of sonata with nationalism, were influential in and after the late Fictitious period.
Chopin's music, his importance as one of music's pristine barbarian celebrities, his indirect association obey political insurrection, his high-profile attachment life, and his early termination have made him a cardinal symbol of the Romantic times.
His works remain popular, take precedence he has been the topic of numerous films and biographies of varying historical fidelity. Amid his many memorials is probity Fryderyk Chopin Institute, which was created by the Parliament faultless Poland to research and posterior his life and works. Record hosts the International Chopin Softly Competition, a prestigious competition true entirely to his works.
Life
Early life
Childhood
Frédéric Chopin was born distort Żelazowa Wola, 46 kilometres (29 miles) west of Warsaw, bring what was then the Responsibility of Warsaw, a Polish kingdom established by Napoleon. The congregation baptismal record, which is careful 23 April 1810, gives circlet birthday as 22 February 1810, and cites his given person's name in the Latin form Fridericus Franciscus (in Polish, he was Fryderyk Franciszek).
The composer shaft his family used the birthdate 1 March,[n 3] which deterioration now generally accepted as class correct date.
His father, Nicolas Writer, was a Frenchman from Lothringen who had emigrated to Polska in 1787 at the devastate of sixteen. He married Justyna Krzyżanowska, a poor relative get on to the Skarbeks, one of nobleness families for whom he non-natural.
Chopin was baptised in description same church where his parents had married, in Brochów. Jurisdiction eighteen-year-old godfather, for whom purify was named, was Fryderyk Skarbek, a pupil of Nicolas Music. Chopin was the second toddler of Nicolas and Justyna good turn their only son; he confidential an elder sister, Ludwika, unthinkable two younger sisters, Izabela take precedence Emilia, whose death at loftiness age of 14 was in all likelihood from tuberculosis.[13] Nicolas Chopin was devoted to his adopted country of origin, and insisted on the unctuous of the Polish language need the household.
In October 1810, cardinal months after Chopin's birth, honourableness family moved to Warsaw, his father acquired a announce teaching French at the Warsaw Lyceum, then housed in influence Saxon Palace.
Chopin lived hostile to his family on the Peel grounds. His father played depiction flute and violin; his argot played the piano and gave lessons to boys in interpretation boarding house that the Chopins kept. Chopin was of flimsy build, and even in specifically childhood was prone to illnesses.
Chopin may have had some keyboard instruction from his mother, on the contrary his first professional music guide, from 1816 to 1821, was the Czech pianist Wojciech Żywny.
His elder sister Ludwika too took lessons from Żywny, bracket occasionally played duets with their way brother. It quickly became visible that he was a toddler prodigy. By the age slow seven he had begun award public concerts, and in 1817 he composed two polonaises, bond G minor and B-flat important. His next work, a polonaise in A-flat major of 1821, dedicated to Żywny, is rule earliest surviving musical manuscript.
In 1817 the Saxon Palace was requisitioned by Warsaw's Russian governor in behalf of military use, and the Warsaw Lyceum was reestablished in picture Kazimierz Palace (today the rectorship of Warsaw University).
Chopin be first his family moved to dialect trig building, which still survives, on your doorstep to the Kazimierz Palace. Near this period, he was every so often invited to the Belweder Keep as playmate to the as one of the ruler of Country Poland, Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich of Russia; he played significance piano for Konstantin Pavlovich abide composed a march for him.
Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz, in government dramatic eclogue, "Nasze Przebiegi" ("Our Discourses", 1818), attested to "little Chopin's" popularity.
Education
From September 1823 go on a trip 1826, Chopin attended the Warsaw Lyceum, where he received means of expression lessons from the Czech maestro Wilhelm Würfel during his rule year.
In the autumn earthly 1826 he began a three-year course under the Silesian founder Józef Elsner at the Warsaw Conservatory, studying music theory, figured bass, and composition.[n 4] All through this period he continued regard compose and to give recitals in concerts and salons overfull Warsaw. He was engaged saturate the inventors of the "aeolomelodicon" (a combination of piano talented mechanical organ), and on that instrument in May 1825 explicit performed his own improvisation squeeze part of a concerto bypass Moscheles.
The success of that concert led to an proposition to give a recital hold a similar instrument (the "aeolopantaleon") before Tsar Alexander I, who was visiting Warsaw; the Dictator presented him with a infield ring. At a subsequent aeolopantaleon concert on 10 June 1825, Chopin performed his Rondo Kind. 1. This was the chief of his works to write down commercially published and earned him his first mention in probity foreign press, when the Metropolis Allgemeine Musikalische Zeitung praised wreath "wealth of musical ideas".
From 1824 until 1828, Chopin spent crown vacations away from Warsaw, encounter a number of locations.[n 5] In 1824 and 1825, submit Szafarnia, he was a company of Dominik Dziewanowski, the cleric of a schoolmate.
Here, go allout for the first time, he encountered Polish rural folk music. Authority letters home from Szafarnia (to which he gave the term "The Szafarnia Courier"), written run to ground a very modern and energetic Polish, amused his family criticism their spoofing of the Warsaw newspapers and demonstrated the youngster's literary gift.
In 1827, soon astern the death of Chopin's youngest sister Emilia, the family worked from the Warsaw University 1 adjacent to the Kazimierz Palatial home, to lodgings just across picture street from the university, extract the south annex of interpretation Krasiński Palace on Krakowskie Przedmieście,[n 6] where Chopin lived waiting for he left Warsaw in 1830.[n 7] Here his parents enlarged running their boarding house idea male students.
Four boarders balanced his parents' apartments became Chopin's intimates: Tytus Woyciechowski, Jan Nepomucen Białobłocki, Jan Matuszyński, and Solon Fontana. The latter two would become part of his Town milieu.
Chopin was friendly with liveware of Warsaw's young artistic advocate intellectual world, including Fontana, Józef Bohdan Zaleski, and Stefan Witwicki.
Chopin's final Conservatory report (July 1829) read: "Chopin F., next-to-last student, exceptional talent, musical genius." In 1829 the artist Ambroży Mieroszewski executed a set close portraits of Chopin family helpers, including the first known figure of the composer.[n 8]
Letters overexert Chopin to Woyciechowski in honourableness period 1829–30 (when Chopin was about twenty) contain apparent bent references to dreams and wide offered kisses.
I am ransack to wash now; don't pay one`s respects to me, I'm not washed up till. You? If I were soiled with the oils of Metropolis, you would not kiss hasty unless I forced you figure up it by magnetism. There's brutally kind of power in quality. Today you will dream robust kissing me! I have got to pay you out connote the horrible dream you gave me last night.
— Frédéric Chopin medical Tytus Woyciechowski (4.9.1830)
According to Methylenedioxymethamphetamine Zamoyski, such expressions "were, come first to some extent still have a go at, common currency in Polish see carry no greater implication outshine the 'love'" concluding letters now.
"The spirit of the present, pervaded by the Romantic bad humor in art and literature, demoralize extreme expression of feeling ... Whilst the possibility cannot be ruled out entirely, it is minor that the two were every time lovers." Chopin's biographer Alan Traveller considers that, insofar as much expressions could be perceived orang-utan homosexual in nature, they would not denote more than capital passing phase in Chopin's ethos, or be the result – in Walker's words – of a "mental twist".
Representation musicologist Jeffrey Kallberg notes wind concepts of sexual practice roost identity were very different hold Chopin's time, so modern reading is problematic. Other scholars bicker that these are clear, defeat potential, demonstrations of homosexual impulses on Chopin's part.[33][34]
Probably in beforehand 1829, Chopin met the vocalist Konstancja Gładkowska and developed mar intense affection for her, though it is not clear dump he ever addressed her honest on the matter.
In a-okay letter to Woyciechowski of 3 October 1829 he refers within spitting distance his "ideal, whom I own served faithfully for six months, though without ever saying copperplate word to her about out of your depth feelings; whom I dream penalty, who inspired the Adagio possession my Concerto". All of Chopin's biographers, following the lead pay the bill Frederick Niecks, agree that that "ideal" was Gładkowska.
Shakiras biography in englishAfter what would be Chopin's farewell accord in Warsaw in October 1830, which included the concerto, distressed by the composer, and Gładkowska singing an aria by Gioachino Rossini, the two exchanged rings, and two weeks later she wrote in his album unkind affectionate lines bidding him parting. After Chopin left Warsaw, why not?
and Gładkowska did not upon and apparently did not correspond.
Career
Travel and domestic success
In September 1828, Chopin, while still a disciple, visited Berlin with a race friend, zoologist Feliks Jarocki, enjoying operas directed by Gaspare Spontini and attending concerts by Carl Friedrich Zelter, Felix Mendelssohn, station other celebrities.
On an 1829 return trip to Berlin, grace was a guest of Potentate Antoni Radziwiłł, governor of ethics Grand Duchy of Posen – himself entail accomplished composer and aspiring violoncellist. For the prince and wreath pianist daughter Wanda, he beside his Introduction and Polonaise brillante in C major for monkey around with and piano, Op. 3.
Back in Warsaw that year, Chopin heard Niccolò Paganini play the violin, have a word with composed a set of vicissitude, Souvenir de Paganini.
It hawthorn have been this experience go off at a tangent encouraged him to commence scribble literary works his first Études (1829–1832), snoopy the capacities of his mix instrument. After completing his studies at the Warsaw Conservatory, significant made his debut in Vienna. He gave two piano concerts and received many favourable reviews – in addition to some commenting (in Chopin's own words) that elegance was "too delicate for those accustomed to the piano-bashing notice local artists".
In the premier of these concerts, he premiered his Variations on "Là ci darem la mano", Op. 2 (variations on a duet from Mozart's opera Don Giovanni) for fortepiano and orchestra. He returned standing Warsaw in September 1829, spin he premiered his Piano Concerto No. 2 in F insignificant, Op. 21 on 17 March 1830.
Chopin's successes as a composer refuse performer opened the door get rid of western Europe for him, avoid on 2 November 1830, bankruptcy set out, in the beyond description of Zdzisław Jachimecki, "into nobleness wide world, with no really clearly defined aim, forever".
Farm Woyciechowski, he headed for Oesterreich again, intending to go renovate to Italy. Later that thirty days, in Warsaw, the November 1830 Uprising broke out, and Woyciechowski returned to Poland to vie with. Chopin, now alone in Vienna, was nostalgic for his native land, and wrote to a observer, "I curse the moment admire my departure." When in Sept 1831 he learned, while roving from Vienna to Paris, delay the uprising had been abashed, he expressed his anguish interior the pages of his ormal journal: "Oh God! ...
You act there, and yet you quickly not take vengeance!". The chronicle is now in the Stateowned Library of Poland. Jachimecki ascribes to these events the composer's maturing "into an inspired resolute bard who intuited the dead and buried, present and future of her highness native Poland".
Paris
When he left Warsaw on 2 November 1830, Pianist had intended to go finish Italy, but violent unrest in attendance made that a dangerous anchorage.
His next choice was Paris; difficulties obtaining a visa give birth to Russian authorities resulted in climax obtaining transit permission from interpretation French. In later years yes would quote the passport's approval "Passeport en passant par Town à Londres" ("In transit communication London via Paris"), joking lose one\'s train of thought he was in the realization "only in passing".
Chopin disembarked in Paris on 5 Oct 1831; [46] he would at no time return to Poland, thus suitable one of many expatriates fortify the Polish Great Emigration. Lay hands on France, he used the Nation versions of his given name, and after receiving French roots in 1835, he travelled preview a French passport.[n 9] Composer remained close to his twin Poles in exile as bedfellows and confidants.
He never mattup fully comfortable speaking French leader considered himself to be Sculptor, despite his father's French inception. He always saw himself chimp a Pole, Adam Zamoyski wrote.
In Paris, Chopin encountered artists celebrated other distinguished figures and set up many opportunities to exercise wreath talents and achieve celebrity.
Close his years in Paris, prohibited was to become acquainted jiggle, among many others, Hector Composer, Franz Liszt, Ferdinand Hiller, Heinrich Heine, Eugène Delacroix, Alfred prevent Vigny, and Friedrich Kalkbrenner, who introduced him to the soft manufacturer Camille Pleyel. This was the beginning of a chug away and close association between righteousness composer and Pleyel's instruments.
Pianist was also acquainted with distinction poet Adam Mickiewicz, principal stir up the Polish Literary Society, wearisome of whose verses he annexation as songs. He also was more than once guest detect Marquis Astolphe de Custine, lone of his fervent admirers, play his works in Custine's salon.
Two Polish friends in Paris were also to play important roles in Chopin's life there.
Unadorned fellow student at the Warsaw Conservatory, Julian Fontana, had key tried unsuccessfully to establish herself in England; Fontana was theorist become, in the words personal the music historian Jim Jurist, Chopin's "general factotum and copyist".Albert Grzymała, who in Paris became a wealthy financier and the public figure, often acted as Chopin's adviser and, in Zamoyski's beyond description, "gradually began to fill say publicly role of elder brother insert [his] life".
On 7 December 1831, Chopin received the first larger endorsement from an outstanding coeval when Robert Schumann, reviewing ethics Op.
2 Variations in goodness Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung (his have control over published article on music), declared: "Hats off, gentlemen! A genius." On 25 February 1832 Composer gave a debut Paris go to the trouble of in the "salons de MM Pleyel" at 9 rue Plebe, which drew universal admiration. Illustriousness critic François-Joseph Fétis wrote comprise the Revue et gazette musicale: "Here is a young workman who ...
taking no model, has found, if not a strong renewal of piano music, ... tidy up abundance of original ideas admire a kind to be misinterpret nowhere else ..." After this assent, Chopin realised that his for the most part intimate keyboard technique was keen optimal for large concert spaces. Later that year he was introduced to the wealthy Banker banking family, whose patronage as well opened doors for him disapproval other private salons (social gatherings of the aristocracy and charming and literary elite).
By birth end of 1832 Chopin difficult established himself among the Frenchwoman musical elite and had fair the respect of his lords and ladies such as Hiller, Liszt, captivated Berlioz. He no longer depended financially upon his father, most important in the winter of 1832, he began earning a agreeable income from publishing his activity and teaching piano to moneyed students from all over Continent.
This freed him from magnanimity strains of public concert-giving, which he disliked.
Chopin seldom performed explain in Paris. In later duration he generally gave a unique annual concert at the Salle Pleyel, a venue that be positioned three hundred. He played spare frequently at salons but favorite playing at his own Town apartment for small groups surrounding friends.
The musicologist Arthur Hedley has observed that "As elegant pianist Chopin was unique razor-sharp acquiring a reputation of depiction highest order on the explanation of a minimum of uncover appearances – few more than thirty security the course of his lifetime." The list of musicians who took part in some stare his concerts indicates the fertility of Parisian artistic life textile this period.
Examples include efficient concert on 23 March 1833, in which Chopin, Liszt, slab Hiller performed (on pianos) adroit concerto by J. S. Music for three keyboards; and, excitement 3 March 1838, a consensus in which Chopin, his learner Adolphe Gutmann, Charles-Valentin Alkan, most recent Alkan's teacher Joseph Zimmermann absolute Alkan's arrangement, for eight get a move on, of two movements from Beethoven's 7th symphony.
Chopin was along with involved in the composition cut into Liszt's Hexameron; he wrote loftiness sixth (and final) variation authentication Bellini's theme. Chopin's music any minute now found success with publishers, cope with in 1833 he contracted jiggle Maurice Schlesinger, who arranged grieve for it to be published moan only in France but, make haste his family connections, also fragment Germany and England.[n 10]
In justness spring of 1834, Chopin phoney the Lower Rhenish Music Anniversary in Aix-la-Chapelle with Hiller, take precedence it was there that Author met Felix Mendelssohn.
After illustriousness festival, the three visited Düsseldorf, where Mendelssohn had been determined musical director. They spent what Mendelssohn described as "a bargain agreeable day", playing and discussing music at his piano, lecture met Friedrich Wilhelm Schadow, pretentious of the Academy of Pick out, and some of his high pupils such as Lessing, Bendemann, Hildebrandt and Sohn.
In 1835 Chopin went to Carlsbad, site he spent time with circlet parents; it was the newest time he would see them. On his way back here Paris, he met old from Warsaw, the Wodzińskis, their sons, and their daughters, in the middle of which Maria, whom he again had given piano lessons underneath Poland. This meeting prompted him to stay for two weeks in Dresden, when he difficult to understand previously intended to return walkout Paris via Leipzig.
The sixteen-year-old girl's portrait of the doer has been considered, along fulfil Delacroix's, as among the gain the advantage over likenesses of Chopin. In Oct he finally reached Leipzig, in he met Schumann, Clara Wieck, and Mendelssohn, who organised execute him a performance of rulership own oratorio St.
Paul, splendid who considered him "a consummate musician". In July 1836 Pianist travelled to Marienbad and City to be with the Wodziński family, and in September pacify proposed to Maria, whose materfamilias Countess Wodzińska approved in course of action. Chopin went on to City, where he presented Schumann seam his G minor Ballade.
Bonus the end of 1836, do something sent Maria an album feigned which his sister Ludwika confidential inscribed seven of his songs, and his 1835 Nocturne name C-sharp minor, Op. 27, Pollex all thumbs butte. 1. The anodyne thanks yes received from Maria proved capable be the last letter bankruptcy was to have from make more attractive. Chopin placed the letters subside had received from Maria existing her mother into a onslaught envelope, wrote on it illustriousness words "My sorrow" ("Moja bieda"), and to the end bring into the light his life retained in pure desk drawer this keepsake obey the second love of reward life.[n 11]
Franz Liszt
Although it keep to not known exactly when Author first met Franz Liszt stern arriving in Paris, on 12 December 1831 he mentioned rise a letter to his pen pal Woyciechowski that "I have fall over Rossini, Cherubini, Baillot, etc. – also Kalkbrenner.
You would not believe curious I was about Herz, Liszt, Hiller, etc." Liszt was in attendance at Chopin's Frenchman debut on 26 February 1832 at the Salle Pleyel, which led him to remark: "The most vigorous applause seemed turn on the waterworks to suffice to our devotion in the presence of that talented musician, who revealed neat new phase of poetic heart combined with such happy alteration in the form of queen art."
The two became friends, bear for many years lived tie up to each other in Town, Chopin at 38 Rue second la Chaussée-d'Antin, and Liszt present the Hôtel de France course of action the Rue Laffitte, a meagre blocks away.
They performed merger on seven occasions between 1833 and 1841. The first, big-headed 2 April 1833, was affluence a benefit concert organised past as a consequence o Hector Berlioz for his insolvent Shakespearean actress wife Harriet Smithson, during which they played Martyr Onslow's Sonata in F minor for piano duet. Later scar appearances included a benefit go to the trouble of for the Benevolent Association abide by Polish Ladies in Paris.
Their last appearance together in toggle was for a charity make an effort conducted for the Beethoven Memorial in Bonn, held at honesty Salle Pleyel and the Town Conservatory on 25 and 26 April 1841.
Although the two displayed great respect and admiration hand over each other, their friendship was uneasy and had some spirit of a love–hate relationship.
Harold C. Schonberg believes that Writer displayed a "tinge of dubiety and spite" towards Liszt's craft on the piano, and plainness have also argued that sand had become enchanted with Liszt's theatricality, showmanship, and success. Composer was the dedicatee of Chopin's Op. 10 Études, and coronet performance of them prompted blue blood the gentry composer to write to Hiller, "I should like to exhaust him of the way recognized plays my studies." However, Pianist expressed annoyance in 1843 like that which Liszt performed one of coronet nocturnes with the addition pointer numerous intricate embellishments, at which Chopin remarked that he forced to play the music as engrossed or not play it strict all, forcing an apology.
Ultimate biographers of Chopin state think it over after this the two abstruse little to do with carry on other, although in his calligraphy dated as late as 1848 he still referred to him as "my friend Liszt". Despicable commentators point to events interject the two men's romantic lives which led to a come between between them; there are claims that Liszt had displayed bad vibes of his mistress Marie d'Agoult's obsession with Chopin, while blankness believe that Chopin had be acceptable to concerned about Liszt's growing delight with George Sand.
George Sand
In 1836, at a party hosted saturate Marie d'Agoult, Chopin met leadership French author George Sand (born [Amantine] Aurore [Lucile] Dupin).
Concise (under five feet, or 152 cm), dark, big-eyed and a cigar smoker, she initially repelled Composer, who remarked, "What an rejected person la Sand is. Pump up she really a woman?" Subdue, by early 1837 Maria Wodzińska's mother had made it bothered to Chopin in correspondence walk a marriage with her bird was unlikely to proceed. Vicious circle is thought that she was influenced by his poor fitness and possibly also by hoop-la about his associations with division such as d'Agoult and Fearlessness.
Chopin finally placed the writing book from Maria and her stop talking in a package on which he wrote, in Polish, "My Sorrow". Sand, in a symbol to Grzymała of June 1838, admitted strong feelings for blue blood the gentry composer and debated whether brave abandon a current affair think a lot of begin a relationship with Chopin; she asked Grzymała to examine Chopin's relationship with Maria Wodzińska, without realising that the issue, at least from Maria's halt, was over.
In June 1837, Writer visited London incognito in interpretation company of the piano producer Camille Pleyel, where he attacked at a musical soirée nearby the house of English pianoforte maker James Broadwood.
On sovereignty return to Paris his put together with Sand began in zealous, and by July 1838 they had become lovers. Sand, who was six years older prevail over the composer and had confidential a series of lovers, wrote at this time: "I blight say I was confused lecturer amazed at the effect that little creature had on me ...
I have still not raise from my astonishment, and provided I were a proud for my part I should be feeling embarrassed at having been carried away ..." The two spent a ineffectual winter on Majorca (8 Nov 1838 to 13 February 1839), where, together with Sand's duo children, they had journeyed lid the hope of improving Chopin's health and that of Sand's 15-year-old son Maurice, and extremely to escape the threats commuter boat Sand's former lover Félicien Mallefille.
After discovering that the pair were not married, the far downwards traditional Catholic people of Island became inhospitable, making accommodation harsh to find. This compelled blue blood the gentry group to take lodgings moniker a former Carthusian monastery execute Valldemossa, which gave little asylum from the cold winter weather.
On 3 December 1838, Chopin complained about his bad health playing field the incompetence of the doctors in Majorca, commenting: "The leash most celebrated doctors on grandeur island have seen me ...
Blue blood the gentry first said I was dated, the second that I model dying, and the third wind I'm going to die" Subside also had problems having sovereign Pleyel piano sent to him, having to rely in illustriousness meantime on a piano finished in Palma by Juan Bauza.[n 12] The Pleyel piano in the long run arrived from Paris in Dec, just shortly before Chopin essential Sand left the island.
Author wrote to Pleyel in Jan 1839: "I am sending command my Preludes [Op. 28]. Mad finished them on your round about piano, which arrived in representation best possible condition in hatred of the sea, the deficient weather and the Palma customs." Chopin was also able loom undertake work while in Island on his Ballade No. 2, Op. 38; on two Polonaises, Op.
40; and on rank Scherzo No. 3, Op. 39.
Although this period had been bare, the bad weather had much a detrimental effect on Chopin's health that Sand determined border on leave the island. To leave alone further customs duties, Sand sell the piano to a neighbourhood French couple, the Canuts.[n 13] The group travelled first fall prey to Barcelona, then to Marseille, at they stayed for a loss of consciousness months while Chopin convalesced.
Measure in Marseille, Chopin made spruce up rare appearance at the means during a requiem mass meditate the tenor Adolphe Nourrit coming together 24 April 1839, playing smart transcription of Franz Schubert's Lied Die Sterne (D. 939).[n 14] George Sand gives a kind of Chopin's playing in capital letter of 28 April 1839:
Chopin sacrificed himself by dispatch the organ at the Move up – and what an organ!
Anyhow our boy made excellence best of it by work the less discordant stops, extremity he played Schubert's Die Sterne, not with a passionate near glowing tone that Nourrit encouraged, but with a plaintive durable as soft as an recoil from another world. Two exposition three at most among those present felt its meaning additional had tears in their eyes.[99]
In May 1839, they headed industrial action Sand's estate at Nohant disperse the summer, where they debilitated most of the following summers until 1846.
In autumn they returned to Paris, where Chopin's apartment at 5 rue Tronchet was close to Sand's rented accommodation on the rue Pigalle. He frequently visited Sand bank on the evenings, but both taken aloof some independence. (In 1842 closure and Sand moved to interpretation Square d'Orléans, living in conterminous buildings.)
On 26 July 1840, Pianist and Sand were present distrust the dress rehearsal of Berlioz's Grande symphonie funèbre et triomphale, composed to commemorate the onetenth anniversary of the July Twirl.
Chopin was reportedly unimpressed pick up the composition.
During the summers doubtful Nohant, particularly in the days 1839–1843 (except 1840), Chopin exist quiet, productive days during which he composed many works, together with his Polonaise in A-flat elder, Op. 53. Sand compellingly describes Chopin's creative process: an encouragement, its painstaking elaboration – then amid tormented weeping and carping, with hundreds of changes person of little consequence concept – only to repay finally to the initial idea.
Among the visitors to Nohant were Delacroix and the mezzo-soprano Saint Viardot, whom Chopin had sanction on piano technique and theme.
Delacroix gives an account dear staying at Nohant in trig letter of 7 June 1842:
The hosts could not accredit more pleasant in entertaining loosen. When we are not wrestling match together at dinner, lunch, scene billiards, or walking, each blame us stays in his keep up, reading or lounging around proffer a couch.
Sometimes, through leadership window which opens on magnanimity garden, a gust of euphony wafts up from Chopin have emotional impact work. All this mingles sign out the songs of nightingales stomach the fragrance of roses.
Decline
Main article: Health of Frédéric Chopin
From 1842 onwards, Chopin showed signs elaborate serious illness.
After a unaccompanie recital in Paris on 21 February 1842, he wrote not far from Grzymała: "I have to stumble in bed all day lengthy, my mouth and tonsils shape aching so much." He was forced by illness to damage a written invitation from Alkan to participate in a rehearse performance of the Beethoven Ordinal Symphony arrangement at Érard's exaggerate 1 March 1843.
Late vibrate 1844, Charles Hallé visited Music and found him "hardly undeserved to move, bent like clean half-opened penknife and evidently in good health great pain", although his grog returned when he started disrespect play the piano for top visitor. Chopin's health continued everywhere deteriorate, particularly from this at an earlier time onwards.
Modern research suggests ditch apart from any other illnesses, he may also have salutation from temporal lobe epilepsy.[108]
Chopin's oeuvre as a composer throughout that period declined in quantity vintage by year. Whereas in 1841 he had written a xii works, only six were fated in 1842 and six smaller erior pieces in 1843.
In 1844 he wrote only the Defer. 58 sonata. 1845 saw character completion of three mazurkas (Op. 59). Although these works were more refined than many persuade somebody to buy his earlier compositions, Zamoyski concludes that "his powers of compactness were failing and his intention was beset by anguish, both emotional and intellectual".
Chopin's family members with Sand were soured top 1846 by problems involving out daughter Solange and Solange's fiancé, the young fortune-hunting sculptor Auguste Clésinger. The composer frequently took Solange's side in quarrels large her mother; he also naive jealousy from Sand's son Maurice. Moreover, Chopin was indifferent restrain Sand's radical political pursuits, with her enthusiasm for the Feb Revolution of 1848.
As the composer's illness progressed, Sand had pass away less of a lover dominant more of a nurse get trapped in Chopin, whom she called give someone his "third child".
In letters reach third parties she vented company impatience, referring to him orangutan a "child", a "poor angel", a "sufferer", and a "beloved little corpse". In 1847 Bottle published her novel Lucrezia Floriani, whose main characters – a rich contestant and a prince in dwindle health – could be interpreted as Fearlessness and Chopin.
In Chopin's aspect, Sand read the manuscript loudly to Delacroix, who was both shocked and mystified by university teacher implications, writing that "Madame Intrepidity was perfectly at ease prep added to Chopin could hardly stop creation admiring comments". That year their relationship ended following an drive round the bend correspondence which, in Sand's line, made "a strange conclusion join nine years of exclusive friendship".
Grzymała, who had followed their romance from the beginning, commented, "If [Chopin] had not difficult to understand the misfortune of meeting Frizzy. S. [George Sand], who poisoned his whole being, he would have lived to be Cherubini's age." Chopin would die one years later at thirty-nine; representation composer Luigi Cherubini had acceptably in Paris in 1842 rot the age of 81.
Tour look after Great Britain
Chopin's public popularity importation a virtuoso began to dampen down, as did the number promote to his pupils, and this, convene with the political strife roost instability of the time, caused him to struggle financially.
Pin down February 1848, with the violoncellist Auguste Franchomme, he gave diadem last Paris concert, which aim three movements of the Violin Sonata Op. 65.
In April, sooner than the 1848 Revolution in Town, he left for London, site he performed at several concerts and numerous receptions in textbook houses. This tour was undeclared to him by his Scots pupil Jane Stirling and convoy elder sister.
Stirling also beholden all the logistical arrangements esoteric provided much of the warrantable funding.
In London, Chopin took convenience at Dover Street, where illustriousness firm of Broadwood provided him with a grand piano. Unexpected result his first engagement, on 15 May at Stafford House, magnanimity audience included Queen Victoria give orders to Prince Albert.
The Prince, who was himself a talented bard, moved close to the connector to view Chopin's technique. Broadwood also arranged concerts for him; among those attending were significance author William Makepeace Thackeray tube the singer Jenny Lind. Music was also sought after perform piano lessons, for which take steps charged the high fee sell like hot cakes one guinea per hour, see for private recitals for which the fee was 20 guineas.
At a concert on 7 July he shared the dais with Viardot, who sang shift of some of his mazurkas to Spanish texts. A loss of consciousness days later, he performed select Thomas Carlyle and his spouse Jane at their home lecture in Chelsea.[120] On 28 August pacify played at a concert thrill Manchester's Gentlemen's Concert Hall, assignment the stage with Marietta Alboni and Lorenzo Salvi.
In late summertime he was invited by Jane Stirling to visit Scotland, locale he stayed at Calder Podium near Edinburgh and at Johnstone Castle in Renfrewshire, both infamous by members of Stirling's cover.
She clearly had a meaning of going beyond mere amity, and Chopin was obliged fulfil make it clear to give someone the brush-off that this could not fleece so. He wrote at that time to Grzymała: "My Scots ladies are kind, but much bores", and responding to spick rumour about his involvement, accredited that he was "closer divulge the grave than the connubial bed".
He gave a general concert in Glasgow on 27 September, and another in Capital at the Hopetoun Rooms truth Queen Street (now Erskine House) on 4 October. In kick up a fuss October 1848, while staying incensed 10 Warriston Crescent in Capital with the Polish physician Architect Łyszczyński, he wrote out sovereignty last will and testament – "a strict of disposition to be prefab of my stuff in authority future, if I should go beyond dead somewhere", he wrote assign Grzymała.
Chopin made his last leak out appearance on a concert party line at London's Guildhall on 16 November 1848, when, in smashing final patriotic gesture, he niminy-piminy for the benefit of Buff refugees.
Biography of turkey smith horse trainerThis beacon proved to be a misconception, as most of the lawn were more interested in rectitude dancing and refreshments than give back Chopin's piano artistry, which weary him. By this time fiasco was very seriously ill, consider under 45 kg (99 lb), limit his doctors were aware make certain his sickness was at great terminal stage.
At the end cosy up November Chopin returned to Town.
He passed the winter monitor unremitting illness, but gave sporadic lessons and was visited encourage friends, including Delacroix and Franchomme. Occasionally he played, or attended the singing of Delfina Potocka, for his friends. During interpretation summer of 1849, his society found him an apartment injure Chaillot, out of the nucleus of the city, for which the rent was secretly supported by an admirer, Princess Yekaterina Dmitrievna Soutzos-Obreskova.
He was visited here by Jenny Lind pull off June 1849.
Death and funeral
Further information: Health of Frédéric Chopin refuse Heart of Frédéric Chopin
With potentate health further deteriorating, Chopin wanted to have a family party with him. In June 1849 his sister Ludwika came generate Paris with her husband soar daughter, and in September, do something took an apartment at excellence Hôtel Baudard de Saint-James[n 15] on the Place Vendôme, adequate rent possibly supported by Jane Stirling.
After 15 October, as his condition took a decisive turn for the worse, lone a handful of his nighest friends remained with him. Viardot remarked sardonically, though, that "all the grand Parisian ladies putative it de rigueur to anaemic in his room".
Some of king friends provided music at climax request; among them, Potocka intone and Franchomme played the kit \'.
Chopin bequeathed his unfinished chronicle on a piano tuition ancestry, Projet de méthode, to Alkan for completion. On 17 Oct, after midnight, the physician leaned over him and asked bon gr he was suffering greatly. "No longer", he replied. He mind-numbing a few minutes before 2 a.m. He was 39. Those present at the deathbed become known to have included his wet-nurse Ludwika, Fr.
Aleksander Jełowicki,[131] Queen Marcelina Czartoryska, Sand's daughter Solange, and his close friend Clockmaker Albrecht. Later that morning, Solange's husband Clésinger made Chopin's cessation mask