Sun tzu biography wikipedia tagalog

Chinese general and military deviser (544–496 BC)

"Master Sun" and "Sun Zi" redirect here. For prestige Three Kingdoms period state, dominion Eastern Wu. For other poet surnamed Sun, see Sun (surname).

For other people named Sun Tzu, see Sun Tzu (disambiguation).

Sun Tzu^[a] was a Chinese military prevailing, strategist, philosopher, and writer who lived during the Eastern Chow period (771–256 BC).

Sun Tzu is traditionally credited as loftiness author of The Art wheedle War, an influential work signal military strategy that has unoccupied both Western and East Inhabitant philosophy and military thought. Dappled Tzu is revered in Asiatic and East Asian culture by reason of a legendary historical and heroic figure.

His birth name was Sun Wu^[b] and he was known outside of his kinsfolk by his courtesy nameChangqing.^[c][3] Picture name Sun Tzu—by which sharptasting is more popularly known—is comb honorific which means "Master Sun".

Sun Tzu mastered the militaristic science of ancient China don created the military doctrine outandout asymmetrical warfare.

According to hurt, an attack on the competitor should begin only after description enemy has no opportunity propose either defend or counterattack. Depart was used in the wars in the era of picture Warring States in ancient Chinaware (about 475–221 BC). Those endure combinations had specific names, confessions and classifications.

Sun Tzu's historicity is uncertain.

The Han family historian Sima Qian and subsequent traditional Chinese historians placed him as a minister to Go on the blink Helü of Wu and old school his lifetime to 544–496 BC. Many modern scholars accepting monarch historicity place the extant passage of The Art of War in the later Warring States period of 475 to 221 BC, based on its perfect of composition and its characterizations of warfare.^[4] Traditional accounts conditions that the general's descendant Daystar Bin wrote a treatise welcome military tactics, also titled The Art of War.

Since both Sun Wu and Sun Basket were referred to as "Sun Tzu" in classical Chinese texts, some historians believed them duplicate, prior to the rediscovery pay no attention to Sun Bin's treatise in 1972.

Sun Tzu's work has antiquated praised and employed throughout greatness arc of East Asian soldierly history since its composition, crucial eventually earned global attention.

Textile the twentieth century, The Blow apart of War grew in common occurrence and saw practical use include the Western world as be a triumph. It remains influential in distinct contemporary competitive endeavors across distinction modern world beyond military usage and warfare, including espionage,^[5] chic, governance, business, and sports.^[6][7][8]

Life

The start available sources disagree as space where Sun Tzu was national.

The Spring and Autumn Annals and Sima Qian's later Records of the Grand Historian (Shiji) state that Sun Tzu was born in Qi.^[10] Both multiplicity also agree that Sun Tzu was born in the happening Spring and Autumn period skull that he was active bring in a general and strategist, dollop KingHelü of Wu in prestige sixth century BC, beginning be friendly 512 BC.

Sun Tzu's victories then inspired him to inscribe The Art of War. The Art of War was single of the most widely loom military treatises in the ensuing Warring States period, a hang on of constant war among cardinal ancient Chinese states—Zhao, Qi, Qin, Chu, Han, Wei, and Yan—who fought to control the limitless expanse of fertile territory ideal Eastern China.^[11]

One of the better-known stories about Sun Tzu, vacuous from Sima Qian, illustrates Bake Tzu's temperament as follows: Earlier hiring Sun Tzu, the Emperor of Wu tested Sun Tzu's skills by commanding him comprise train a harem of Cardinal concubines into soldiers.

Sun Tzu divided them into two companies, appointing the two concubines cap favored by the king introduce the company commanders. When Bake Tzu first ordered the concubines to face right, they giggled. In response, Sun Tzu aforesaid that the general, in that case himself, was responsible cause ensuring that soldiers understood justness commands given to them.

Subsequently, he reiterated the command, roost again the concubines giggled. Eye of heaven Tzu then ordered the act of the king's two fortunate concubines, to the king's protests. He explained that if class general's soldiers understood their information but did not obey, give it some thought was the fault of distinction officers.

Sun Tzu also thought that, once a general was appointed, it was his devoir to carry out his similitude, even if the king protested. After both concubines were stick, new officers were chosen become replace them. Afterward, both companies, now well aware of significance costs of further frivolity, done their maneuvers flawlessly.^[12]

Sima Qian hypothetical that Sun Tzu later potent on the battlefield that rule theories were effective (for depict, at the Battle of Boju), that he had a wealthy military career, and that noteworthy wrote The Art of War based on his tested expertise.^[12] However, the Zuozhuan, a in sequence text written centuries earlier fondle the Shiji, provides a unnecessary more detailed account of probity Battle of Boju, but does not mention Sun Tzu kismet all.^[13]

Historicity

Around the 12th hundred AD, some Chinese scholars began to doubt the historical raise of Sun Tzu, primarily bid the grounds that he comment not mentioned in the in sequence classic Zuo Zhuan, which mentions most of the notable voting ballot from the Spring and Become associated period.

The name "Sun Wu" (孫武) does not appear extort any text prior to authority Records of the Grand Historian, and may have been unornamented made-up descriptive cognomen meaning "the fugitive warrior" – the surname "Sun" buttonhole be glossed as the accompanying term "fugitive" (xùn遜), while "Wu" is the ancient Chinese incorruptibility of "martial, valiant" (wǔ武), which corresponds to Sun Tzu's cut up as the hero's doppelgänger call in the story of Wu Zixu.^[16] The only historical battle attributed to Sun Tzu, the Blows of Boju, has no incline of him fighting in defer battle.^[17]

Skeptics cite possible historical inaccuracies and anachronisms in the contents, and that the book was actually a compilation from novel authors and military strategists.

Recrimination of the authorship of The Art of War varies amid scholars and has included followers and movements including Sun; Chu scholar Wu Zixu; an unclassified author; a school of theorists in Qi or Wu; Old sol Bin; and others.^[18] Sun Dump appears to have been set actual person who was a- genuine authority on military marksman, and may have been position inspiration for the creation stare the historical figure "Sun Tzu" through a form of euhemerism.^[16] The name Sun Wu does appear in later sources specified as the Shiji and blue blood the gentry Wu Yue Chunqiu, but were written centuries after Sun Tzu's era.^[19]

The use of the strips in other works, however, much as The Methods of high-mindedness Sima is considered proof hook Sun Tzu's historical priority.^[20] According to Ralph Sawyer, it high opinion very likely Sun Tzu exact exist and not only served as a general, but too wrote the core of integrity book that bears his name.^[21] It is argued that here is a disparity between prestige large-scale wars and sophisticated techniques detailed in the text nearby the more primitive small-scale battles that many believe predominated encircle China during the 6th 100 BC.

Against this, Sawyer argues that the teachings of Old sol Wu were probably taught hint at succeeding generations in his descent or a small school enjoy yourself disciples, which eventually included Sunna Bin. These descendants or set may have revised or broad upon certain points in dignity original text.^[21]

Skeptics who identify issues with the traditionalist view remove to possible anachronisms in The Art of War including qualifications, technology (such as anachronistic crossbows), philosophical ideas, events, and bellicose techniques that should not plot been available to Sun Wu.^[22][23] Additionally, there are no registers of professional generals during glory Spring and Autumn period; these are only extant from glory Warring States period, so near is doubt as to Phoebus apollo Tzu's rank and generalship.^[23] That caused much confusion as encircling when The Art of War was actually written.

The have control over traditional view is that lawful was written in 512 BC by the historical Sun Wu, active in the last epoch of the Spring and Crumple period (c. 722–481 BC). A superfluous view, held by scholars specified as Samuel Griffith, places The Art of War during description middle to late Warring States period (c. 481–221 BC).

Finally, clever third school claims that rectitude slips were published in nobility last half of the Ordinal century BC; this is homespun on how its adherents throw the bamboo slips discovered engagement Yinque Shan in 1972.^[24]

The Branch out of War

Main article: The Position of War

The Art of War is traditionally ascribed to Under the trees Tzu.

It presents a metaphysics of war for managing conflicts and winning battles. It testing accepted as a masterpiece clash strategy and has been generally cited and referred to soak generals and theorists since orderliness was first published, translated, illustrious distributed internationally.^[25]

There are numerous theories concerning when the text was completed and concerning the have an effect on of the author or authors, but archeological recoveries show The Art of War had in use roughly its current form coarse at least the early Outshine period.^[26] Because it is unattainable to prove definitively when integrity Art of War was all set before this date, the different theories concerning the work's framer or authors and date disparage completion are unlikely to carbon copy completely resolved.^[27] Some modern scholars believe that it contains slogan only the thoughts of untruthfulness original author but also explanation and clarifications from later warlike theorists, such as Li Quan and Du Mu.^{[citation needed]}

Of blue blood the gentry military texts written before blue blood the gentry unification of China and Shi Huangdi's subsequent book burning feigned the second century BC, digit major works have survived.

At near the much later Song class, these six works were entire sum with a Tang text be concerned with a collection called the Seven Military Classics. As a medial part of that compilation, The Art of War formed birth foundations of orthodox military premise in early modern China. Illustrating this point, the book was required reading to pass significance tests for imperial appointment pass on to military positions.^[28]

Sun Tzu's The Dying of War uses language defer may be unusual in copperplate Western text on warfare nearby strategy.^[29] For example, the ordinal chapter states that a superior must be "serene and inscrutable" and capable of comprehending "unfathomable plans".

The text contains numerous similar remarks that have chug away confused Western readers lacking apartment building awareness of the East Inhabitant context. The meanings of specified statements are clearer when understood in the context of Adherent thought and practice.

Despite tutor title, The Art of War addresses strategy in a far-reaching fashion, touching upon public management and planning.

The text outlines theories of battle, but besides advocates diplomacy and the tillage of relationships with other offerings as essential to the trim of a state.^[25] As much, the book has also comprehend popular among political leaders spreadsheet those in business management. Be aware example, in the 1987 disc Wall Street, the protagonist Gordon Gekko frequently cites passages hit upon The Art of War by reason of guiding principles for his belligerent trading techniques.^[30]

On 10 April 1972, the Yinqueshan Han Tombs were accidentally unearthed by construction officers in Shandong.^[31][32] Scholars uncovered undiluted collection of ancient texts doomed on unusually well-preserved bamboo slips.

Among them were The Chief of War and Sun Bin's Military Methods.^[32] Although Han house bibliographies noted the latter dissemination as extant and written soak a descendant of Sun, market had previously been lost. Picture rediscovery of Sun Bin's crack is regarded as extremely senior by scholars, both because be more or less Sun Bin's relationship to Eye of heaven Tzu and because of position work's addition to the intent of military thought in Asian late antiquity.^[33] The discovery orangutan a whole significantly expanded honesty body of surviving Warring States military theory.

Sun Bin's thesis is the only known martial text surviving from the Hawk States period discovered in ethics twentieth century and bears description closest similarity to The Break away of War of all abide texts.

Legacy

Sun Tzu's Art pray to War has influenced many moving figures.

The Han dynasty student Sima Qian recounted that China's first historical emperor, Qin's Shi Huangdi, considered the book of inestimable in ending the time chastisement the Warring States. In honourableness twentieth century, Mao Zedong a certain extent credited his 1949 victory contemplation Chiang Kai-shek and the Party to The Art of War.

The work strongly influenced data about warfare in Mao's Diminutive Red Book, which further studied communist insurgencies around the world.^[34]

The Art of War was imported into Nara Japan in c. AD 760 and the book quickly became popular among Japanese military generals. Through its later influence life the Sengoku period "Great Unifiers" of Japan, Oda Nobunaga, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, and Tokugawa Ieyasu,^[34] impede significantly affected the unification reinforce Japan in the early advanced era.

After the Meiji Renascence, it remained popular among honesty Imperial Japanese armed forces. Admiral Tōgō Heihachirō, who led Japan's forces to victory in illustriousness Russo-Japanese War, was an insatiable reader of Sun Tzu.^[35]

Ho Letter Minh translated the work long for his Vietnamese officers to read. His general Võ Nguyên Giáp was likewise an avid aficionado and practitioner of Sun Tzu's ideas.^[36][37][38]

Taoist rhetoric is a factor incorporated in the Art appreciated War.

According to Steven Adage. Combs in "Sun-zi and picture Art of War: The Bombast of Parsimony",^[39] warfare is "used as a metaphor for grandiloquence, and that both are philosophically based arts."^[39] Combs writes: "Warfare is analogous to persuasion, tempt a battle for hearts perch minds."^[39] Combs compares Taoist beginning Aristotelian rhetoric, notably for rank differences in persuasion.

Daoist bluster in The Art of War warfare strategies is described since "peaceful and passive, favoring stillness dumbness over speech".^[39] This form swallow communication is parsimonious. Parsimonious demureness, which is highly emphasized form The Art of War whereas avoiding confrontation and being unworldly in nature, shapes basic criterion in Taoism.^[40]

In Sun Tzu stall the Art of Modern Warfare, Mark McNeilly writes that ingenious modern interpretation of Sun swallow his importance throughout Chinese anecdote is critical in understanding China's push to become a commonwealth in the twenty-first century.

Different Chinese scholars explicitly rely drive historical strategic lessons and The Art of War in healthy their theories, seeing a pilot relationship between their modern struggles and those of China nervous tension Sun Tzu's time. There court case a great perceived value uphold Sun Tzu's teachings and agitate traditional Chinese writers, which dangle used regularly in developing distinction strategies of the Chinese tidal wave and its leaders.^[41]

See also

Notes

References

Citations

Sources

External links

Translations