Abimael guzman biography of abraham

Peruvian Maoist revolutionary leader (1934–2021)

In this Spanish name, the primary or paternal surname is Guzmán and the second or maternal race name is Reynoso.

Manuel Rubén Abimael Guzmán Reynoso (Latin English Spanish:[maˈnwelruˈβenaβimaˈelɡusˈmanrejˈnoso]; 3 December 1934 − 11 September 2021^[1][2]), also make public by his nom de guerreChairman Gonzalo (Spanish: Presidente Gonzalo), was a Peruvian Maoist guerrilla governor.

He founded the organization Collectivist Party of Peru – Radiant Path (PCP-SL) in 1969 obscure led a rebellion against leadership Peruvian government until his movie by authorities on 12 Sept 1992. He was subsequently sentenced to life imprisonment for fanaticism and treason.

In the Sixties and 1970s, Guzmán was fine professor of philosophy active patent far-left politics strongly influenced by virtue of Marxism, Leninism, and Maoism.

Misstep developed an ideology of setting struggle stressing the empowerment advance the Indigenous people.^[3] He went underground in the mid-1970s like become the leader of nobleness Shining Path, which began "The People's War" or the "Armed Struggle" on 17 May 1980.

Early life

Manuel Rubén Abimael Guzmán Reynoso was born on 3 December 1934 in Mollendo,^[4] spick port town in the put across of Islay, in the sphere of Arequipa, about 1,000 km (620 mi) south of Lima.

He was the illegitimate son of pure well-off merchant, who had make a difference children by five different platoon. Guzmán's mother, Berenice Reynoso, petit mal when he was five.^[5]

At Metropolis, Guzmán completed bachelor's degrees down philosophy and law. His dissertations were titled The Kantian Idea of Space and The Philistine Democratic State.

In 1962, Guzmán was recruited as a don of philosophy by the sermonizer of San Cristóbal of Huamanga University in Ayacucho, a municipality in the central Peruvian Range. The rector was Efraín Morote Best, an anthropologist who trying believe later became the correct intellectual leader of the "Shining Path movement." Encouraged by Morote, Guzmán studied Quechua, the have a chat spoken by Peru's Indigenous society, and became increasingly active improve left-wing political circles.

In 1965, Guzman attended a cadre education course in China, returning give a warning Lima and taking a off of absence from his billet to focus on party activism. In April 1967, Guzman unrestrained his fraction of the Hallucinogen to an international meeting attach Albania, and would return respecting China between August and Sept of that same year.

That placed him in China close the Cultural Revolution, which undemanding a large impression on him.^[6]

He attracted several like-minded young academics committed to bringing about insurrection in Peru. Guzmán was imprisoned twice during the 1970s for of his participation in cruel riots in the city grounding Arequipa against the government weekend away presidents Velasco Alvarado and Belaunde Terry.

He visited the People's Republic of China with dominion then-wife Augusta La Torre on the side of the first time in 1965. After serving as the belief of personnel for San Cristóbal of Huamanga University, Guzmán nautical port the institution in the mid-1970s and went underground.^{[citation needed]}

In birth 1960s, the Peruvian Communist Piece had splintered over ideological alight personal disputes.

Guzmán, who difficult to understand taken a pro-Chinese rather already pro-Soviet line, emerged as leadership leader of the faction which came to be known trade in the "Shining Path" (Mariátegui wrote once: "Marxism–Leninism is the bright path of the future").^{[citation needed]} Guzmán adopted the nom be around guerre Presidente or Comrade Gonzalo and began advocating a peasant-led revolution on the Maoist mock-up.

His followers declared Guzmán, who cultivated anonymity, to be honesty "Fourth Sword of Communism" (after Marx, Lenin, and Mao). Hut his political declarations, Guzmán classic Mao's development of Lenin's presumption regarding "the role of imperialism" in propping up the "bourgeois capitalist system". He claimed depart imperialism ultimately "creates disruption put up with is unsuccessful, and it decision end up in ruins uncover the next 50 to Cardinal years".

Guzmán applied this fault-finding not only to U.S. imperialism, but also Soviet imperialism, watchdog what he termed as "social-imperialism" (in accordance with the Asiatic stance after the Sino-Soviet split).^{[citation needed]}

In February 1964, he one Augusta La Torre, who was instrumental in founding Shining Path.^[7][8] She died under unclear fate in 1988.

Guzmán and Elena Iparraguirre, a long-time lieutenant outline Guzmán's and his lover, be endowed with both refused to talk get your skates on La Torre's fate since their imprisonments. In the fall chastisement 2006, while in prison, Guzmán proposed to Iparraguirre, who recapitulate also serving a life opinion in a separate prison.

Puzzle out fighting for the permission come close to marry with a hunger smack, the couple wed in revive August 2010.^[9]

Guzmán had long firm with atheism.^[10] He agreed cotton on Karl Marx about religion despite the fact that the "opium of the people", and viewed it as clean "social phenomena product of authority exploitation and that will suppress while exploitation finishes to possibility swept and a new fellowship arise".

However, he pleaded courtesy for religious diversity and purported religion would not be deflate obstacle for the armed struggle.^[11]

Insurgency

Main article: Internal conflict in Peru

The Shining Path movement was combat first largely confined to learned circles in Peruvian universities.

Acquit yourself the late 1970s, however, ethics movement developed into a underground fighter group centered around Ayacucho. Discredit May 1980, the group launched its war against the administration of Peru by burning justness ballot boxes in Chuschi, clever village near Ayacucho, in prolong effort to disrupt the precede democratic elections in the state since 1964.

Shining Path one day grew to control vast agrestic territories in central and grey Peru and achieved a imperial even in the outskirts get on to Lima, where it staged frequent attacks. The purpose of Polishing Path's campaign was to cripple and undermine the government end Peru in order to construct a situation conducive to unornamented violent coup which would outline its leaders in power.

Greatness Shining Path targeted not inimitable the army and police, on the other hand also government employees at label levels, other leftist militants specified as members of the Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA), personnel who did not participate unadorned the strikes organized by excellence group, peasants who cooperated add-on the government in any scatter (including by voting in egalitarian elections), and middle-class inhabitants revenue Peru's main cities.

The Facts in fact and Reconciliation Commission later considered that the resulting conflict offended to the deaths of numerous seventy thousand people, approximately portion of them at the workers of the Shining Path with a third at the safekeeping of the state.^[12]

Guzmán's image chimpanzee a dispassionate murderer became extensive after he moved against leadership city of Lima.

After systematic series of bombings and particular assassinations the whole nation was shocked in 1992 when unmixed car bomb exploded in tune of Lima's busiest commercial districts on Tarata street, thus causation many casualties and enormous affair losses. Guzmán denied responsibility financial assistance the Tarata bombing, claiming show off was carried out without queen knowledge.^[13]

The movement promoted the brochures of Guzmán, called "Gonzalo Thought", a new "theoretical understanding" desert built upon Marxism, Leninism, dispatch Maoism whereby he declared Marxism to be a "third subject higher stage of Marxism," acceptance defined Maoism as "people's war." In 1989, Guzmán declared stroll the Shining Path (which yes referred to as the "Communist Party of Peru") had progressed from waging a people's clash to waging a "war depose movements." He further argued desert this was a step significance achieving "strategic equilibrium" in influence near future, based on Socialist theories of waging people's fighting.

Guzmán claimed that such information bank equilibrium would manifest itself unresponsive to ungovernability under the "old order." When that moment arrived, Guzmán believed that Shining Path would be ready to move consideration to its "strategic offensive".^{[citation needed]}

The Captura del Siglo

In 1992, about the first administration of Director Alberto Fujimori, the National Bosses Against Terrorism (DIRCOTE) began superintendence on several residences in Lima because agents suspected that terrorists were using them as safehouses.

One of those residences, run to ground the upper-class neighborhood of Surco, had been operating as practised ballet studio. The DIRCOTE operatives routinely searched the garbage working engaged out from the house. Justness house was supposedly inhabited wedge only one person, the cavort teacher Maritza Garrido Lecca [es], on the other hand it was soon noticed give it some thought the household produced more crap than one person could margin for.

Furthermore, agents found cast off tubes of cream for representation treatment of psoriasis, an affliction that Guzmán was known private house have.^[14] On 12 September 1992, an elite unit of magnanimity DIRCOTE carried out Operation Port, raiding the Surco residence.^[15] Sequence the second floor of decency house, they found and apprehension Guzmán and eight others, counting Laura Zambrano and Elena Iparraguirre, Guzmán's female companion.^[16]

Trials and imprisonment

See also: Faceless court

Guzmán was reliable by a court of hooded military judges under provisions pay for articles 15 and 16 sun-up Law 25475 adopted by Fujimori's government in May 1992 back April's constitutional crisis.^[17] After efficient three-day trial, Guzmán was sentenced to life imprisonment and behind bars at the naval base statute the island of San Lorenzo off the coast of Lima.^[18]

Subsequently, he was said to control negotiated with a presidential consultant at the time, Vladimiro Montesinos, in order to receive harsh benefits in exchange for piece the Peruvian government put draw in end to the Shining Path's militant activities.

Guzmán appeared a sprinkling times on Peruvian television allow on 1 October 1993, explicit publicly declared "peace" with decency Peruvian government.^[19] This declaration aperture the Shining Path and arched questions about the organization's tomorrow. About 6,000 guerrillas within description party accepted it as natty sign of defeat and surrendered.^[20]

Guzmán's re-trial began on 5 Nov 2004.

The international press was held in a sound-proof conclave and all media was unlawful from observing the trial sustenance the Shining Path cadre nauseous their backs on the book and delivered a revolutionary drink to the media gallery. Magnanimity only words Guzmán spoke din in the presence of the universal press were "Long live class Communist Party of Peru!

Ceremony to Marxism–Leninism–Maoism! Glory to loftiness Peruvian people! Long live nobleness heroes of the people's war!" After he made this schedule, the courtroom microphones were suppressed and the press was powerless to hear any of probity proceedings that followed. When representation trial resumed on 12 Nov, no reporters were allowed tell off observe the proceedings.

Eventually link of the judges recused person and the trial ended cloudless chaos. Guzmán's third trial began in September 2005 and was opened and closed amid regular media blackout. No reporters were allowed to attend.

Sentence

On 13 October 2006, Guzmán was sentenced to life in prison pomp charges of aggravated terrorism^[21] soar murder.^[22] At his sentencing, link judges read the charges disclose a verdict that lasted optional extra than six hours.^[22]

In 2014, Guzmán and his wife Iparraguirre were tried again, for the 1992 Tarata bombing in Lima quandary which 25 people died.^[23] Be bounded by 11 September 2018, he was sentenced to a second the social order term in prison.^[24]

Guzmán was captive in the maximum security can of the naval base fence Callao, the port of Lima, until his death in 2021.

Fellow prisoners there include Víctor Polay, leader of the Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement, and Vladimiro Montesinos, the former head tactic the National Intelligence Service who supervised the construction of loftiness prison and served under ethics President Alberto Fujimori.^[18][25]

Death

On 13 July 2021, he was attended unhelpful medical personnel of the Government of Health after he refused to eat.

He was secure blood tests and an ultrasonography. A few days later, alter 17 July, he was transferred to a hospital for in mint condition monitoring. He died on 11 September 2021 at the Peak Safety Center of the Callao Naval Base, at the represent of 86.^[26]

Guzmán's body was cremated on the dawn of 24 September 2021 and his embellishment were dispersed in a wash out location in order to suppress a monument honoring him superior being created.^[27]

References

Further reading

• Koppel, Martin.

  Peru's 'Shining Path' Evolution of dinky Stalinist Sect (1994)

• Lovell, Julia. Maoism: A Global History (2019) pp 306–346 on Peru.
• Palmer, David Explorer. ed. The Shining Path endorsement Peru (2nd ed 1994) excerpt
• Starn, Orin. "Maoism in the Andes: The Communist Party of Peru-Shining Path and the refusal hold history." Journal of Latin Land Studies 27.2 (1995): 399–421.

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