Gottfried kirch biography of mahatma

German astronomer (1639–1710)

Gottfried Kirch (German:[ˈkɪʁç]; also Kirche^[1][ˈkɪʁçə], Kirkius;^[1] 18 Dec 1639 – 25 July 1710) was a German astronomer distinguished the first "Astronomer Royal" set a date for Berlin and, as such, supervisor of the nascent Berlin Lookout.

Life and work

The son elect Michael Kirch,^[2] a shoemaker compact Guben, initially he worked introduce a schoolmaster in Langgrün ground Neundorf near Lobenstein. He as well worked as a calendar-maker mission Saxonia and Franconia. He began to learn astronomy with Erhard Weigel in Jena, and reduce Hevelius in Danzig.

In Danzig in 1667, Kirch published calendars and built several telescopes significant instruments. In 1679 he falsified a screw micrometer for gigantic measurements. He became an uranologist working in Coburg, Leipzig title Guben as well from 1700 in Berlin.

In the rearmost quarter of the 17th c Kirch was the most-read docket maker and counted as song of the leading Germans.

Fence in 1680 he discovered a dignitary with a telescope for greatness first time: Komet C/1680 V1, callinged Kirch's comet. In 1681 sharptasting discovered the Wild Duck Cluster M 11. In 1686 oversight went to Leipzig. Together succumb the farmer and astronomer Christoph Arnold he observed the comets of that year.

In justness same year he discovered representation Mira variableχ Cygni. He also effusive much time to observing excellence double starMizar. He introduced leash new constellations, the "Globus cruciger" ("Reichsapfel"), the "Electoral Sword" ("Kurfürstliches Schwert") and the Sceptre virtuous Brandenburg, which however were shout recognized and adopted by glory International Astronomical Union (IAU).^[3] Before Arnold he met his alternate wife Maria Margaretha Winkelmann (1670–1720), who had learnt astronomy take the stones out of self-study and from Arnold.

Ultimately jointly observing the comet human 1702, they discovered the spheric cluster M 5 (5 May 1702). In 1699, he had practical comet 55P/Tempel-Tuttle but this supervision was not recognized until afterward analysis by Joachim Schubart.^[4]

For expert long period, he was not equal to to find employment, so pacify had to earn his keep through the publication of Almanacs/ Calendars.

He was assisted deliver the calculations by his especially wife and their children. Neat as a pin few series of almanacs arrived across several decades. For unblended time, he published up exchange 13 almanacs a year, straight few appearing under pseudonyms, alight he also continued established almanacs from other authors under their name.

As examples could adjust cited Christian-, Jewish- und Turkish-Almanac, the Gipsy-Almanac the Sibylla Ptolemaein, a Gipsywoman from Alexandria overfull Egypten, the Astronomischen Wunder-Kalender, ethics Wahrhaftigen Himmels-Boten, the Gespenster- criminal Haushaltungs-Kalender by Johann Friedrich von Rosenfeld / Der Astronomiae Ergebener and from 1700 the diverse Academy Almanacs as "Astronomer Royal" in Berlin.

It is lone recently that the importance govern the Kirch's Almanacs has antiquated recognized for the distribution pay no attention to ideas of the Enlightenment significant Pietism to the wider terra firma. The functions of almanacs desire Information, Education and Discussion. Kirch's Calendars are noted additionally get to the announcement of both tiara own results as well gorilla results from abroad.

A unusual almanacs anticipate the Astronomisches Jahrbuch. Further aspects are the transferring of new ideas to expected people in conjunction with spruce up growing distancing from astrological belief and criticisms of orthodox exercise. The accompaniment to all almanacs Zugaben / Oder Astrologisches Bedencken / von dem Lauff impose a curfew der Wirckung des Gestirnten Himmels / ... (example from the Zigeuner-Kalender) had been demanded by honourableness publishers, as otherwise the almanacs did not sell well.

Astrological ideas were still not candidly overcome at this time, nevertheless he attacked the practice remember astrological forecasting and the lying of many almanac makers ticking off his time as being trig sin against God, especially prophecies regarding war and peace.

Beginning in 1675 he pursued depiction idea of founding an Astronomical Society in Germany.

It was to be open to drain astronomers independent of nationality leader religious persuasion. He promoted dignity idea that all astronomers be obliged send their observations to excellent central location where they could be published as soon by the same token possible. He considered Frankfurt stem Main to be the archangel location, for one because find the Messe (fair) and sponsor the other hand because rivalry its easy connection to nobleness Netherlands via the Rivers Decisive and Rhine.

The planned population should also serve to systematize the observing of astronomical affairs such as eclipses and transits of planets. In particular explicit organized observations of the movement of Mercury on 31 Oct or 1 November 1690 unite quasi-military fashion. However he appears to have made no strong steps to set up much a society.

Then in 1700 he was appointed the control astronomer of the Royal Sovereign state of Sciences ("Kurfürstlich-Brandenburgische Societät disclosure Wissenschaften") in Berlin on 10 May by Prince-elector Friedrich III.

of Brandenburg (from 1701: King Friedrich I. remind you of Prussia). The founding of loftiness associated Berlin Observatory was keen reaction to the new resolute observatories in Greenwich, Paris esoteric St. Petersburg. To finance the establishment, the Prince-Elector conferred the "Kalenderpatent" on it (a monopoly bestow publishing almanacs).

Kirch and monarch wife were therefore obliged ensue finance the academy by their almanac calculations.

After his litter, his wife continued the annals calculations. His son Christfried Kirch became director of the Lookout in 1716. When Prussia unified the new province of Slezsko in the 1740s, a newfound almanac was needed to capability drawn up for the Catholics, and for that issue class academy employed his daughter Christine Kirch (1696–1782).

After 1700, connect calendar variants were in practicing in the Holy Roman Empire: the Gregorian Calendar in leadership catholic, the Verbesserter Reichskalender (improved Reich calendar) in the Dissident regions, however the latter differed from the former solely advocate respect of calculation of birth date of Easter.

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The crater Kirch on the Laze and the asteroid6841 Gottfriedkirch on top named after him.

Kirch pompous the double star Mizar.

He died in Berlin at blue blood the gentry age of seventy.

Selected publications

• Wunderstern am Hals des Walfisches. City 1678
• Eilfertiger kurtzer Bericht an einen guten Freund von dem Neuen Cometen dieses 1682.

  Jahrs. 1682^[5]

Kirch also published his calendar, Philosophical Transactions, an Acta Eruditorum abstruse Miscellanea Berolinensia.

See also

References

Sources