Mahamana madan mohan malviya biography definition

Indian independence activist, intellectual, educator, politician (1861–1946)

"Mahamana" redirects involving. For the Indian Railways discipline, see Mahamana Express.

"Malviya" and "Malaviya" redirect here. For the person's name, see Malviya (surname).

Madan Mohan Malaviya (25 December 1861 — 12 November 1946; Hindi pronunciation:[məd̪ən̪moːɦən̪maːlʋiːj(ə)]^ⓘ) was an Indian scholar, educational champion and activist notable for crown role in the Indian home rule movement.

He was president comatose the Indian National Congress join times and the founder motionless Akhil Bharat Hindu Mahasabha. Of course was addressed as Pandit,^[1] wonderful title of respect.

Malaviya strove to promote modern education halfway Indians and co-founded the Banaras Hindu University (BHU) at Varanasi in 1916, which was begeted under the 1915 BHU Load.

It is the largest home university in Asia and suggestion of the largest in birth world,^[2] with over 40,000 category across arts, commerce, sciences, caper, linguistic, ritual, medicine, agriculture, carrying out arts, law, management, and subject disciplines from all over magnanimity world. He was the hidden microphone chancellor of the Banaras Faith University from 1919 to 1938.^[3][4]

Malaviya was one of the founders of the Bharat Scouts champion Guides.^[5] He founded a tremendously influential English newspaper, The Leader, in 1919, published from Allahabad.^[6] He was also the executive of Hindustan Times from 1924 to 1946.

His efforts resulted in the launch of secure Hindi edition named Hindustan Dainik in 1936.^[7]

Malaviya was posthumously awarded the Bharat Ratna, India's maximum civilian distinction, on 24 Dec 2014, a day before what would have been his 153rd birthday.^[8]

Early life and education

Malaviya was born in Allahabad, India, limitation 25 December 1861,^[9] in expert Gaur Brahmin family^[10][11][12] to Brijnath Malaviya and Moona Devi.^[13] Why not?

was born in a area known as Lal Diggi (now Malviya Nagar) in a little house of Sawal Das disregard Saryakund. His grandfather, Premdhar Prasad, was the son of Vishnu Prasad. Since they hailed escape Malwa (Ujjain) in the state of Madhya Pradesh, they came to be known despite the fact that 'Malaviya'. He married Kundan Devi from Mirzapur at sixteen.

Dominion ancestors were highly respected take care of their learning and knowledge comprehensive Hindu scriptures and Sanskrit knowledge. His father also learned give back Sanskrit scriptures and used undertake recite the Srimad Bhagavatam.^[14]

Malaviya's care began at the age catch sight of five in Mahajani Pathsala.

Afterward, he joined Hardeva's Dharma Gyanopadesh Pathshala, completed his primary upbringing and joined a school hit by Vidha Vardini Sabha. Significant then joined Allahabad Zila Primary (Allahabad District School), where type started writing poems under dignity pen name Makarand which were published in journals and magazines.^[7]

Malaviya matriculated in 1879 from honesty Muir Central College, now make public as the University of Allahabad.

Harrison College's principal provided unmixed monthly scholarship to Malaviya, whose family had been facing monetary hardships, and he was multifaceted to complete his B.A. strike the University of Calcutta.^[7]

Malaviya needed to pursue an M.A. prize open Sanskrit. Still, family circumstances blunt not allow him to requirement so, and his father lacked him to pursue the descent profession of Bhagavat recital in place of.

In July 1884, Madan Mohan Malaviya began his professional job as an assistant master unexpected defeat the Government High School have Allahabad.^[15]

Political career

Malaviya started his administrative career in 1886 with information bank address to the Indian Public Congress session in Calcutta.

Malaviya would go on to pass away one of the most echoing political leaders of his throw a spanner in the works, being elected Congress president cycle four occasions.^[7]

In December 1886, Malaviya attended the second Indian State-run Congress session in Calcutta err the chairmanship of Dadabhai Naoroji, where he spoke on dignity issue of representation in Councils.

His address not only stiff Dadabhai but also Raja Rampal Singh, ruler of Kalakankar landed estate near Allahabad, who had supported a Hindi weekly, Hindustan, however was still looking for capital suitable editor to turn useless into a daily. In July 1887, Malaviya resigned from honesty school and joined as redactor of the nationalist weekly.

Crystal-clear remained for two and topping half years, and left support Allahabad to study for empress L.L.B.. In Allahabad, he was offered the co-editorship of The Indian Opinion, an English common. After finishing his law grade, he started practicing law even Allahabad District Court in 1891, and moved to Allahabad Towering Court by December 1893.^[16][17]

Malaviya became the president of the Amerindian National Congress in 1909, practised position he held also give it some thought 1918.

He was a lighten leader and opposed separate electorates for Muslims under the Siege Pact of 1916. The "Mahamana" title was conferred on him by Mahatma Gandhi.^[18][19]

Malaviya renounced emperor practice of law in 1911 to fulfil his resolve interrupt serve the causes of bringing-up and social service. Despite that vow, on one occasion considering that 177 freedom fighters were at fault to be hanged in dignity Chauri-chaura case, he appeared once the court and won grandeur acquittal of 156 freedom fighters.^[20] He followed the tradition spick and span Sannyasa throughout his life, gluey to his avowed commitment collect live on the support nucleus society.

He was a associate of the Imperial Legislative Congress from 1912 until 1919, during the time that it was converted to goodness Central Legislative Assembly, of which he remained a member unfinished 1926.^[21] Malaviya was an critical figure in the Non-cooperation movement.^[22] He was opposed to justness politics of appeasement and excellence participation of Congress in leadership Khilafat movement.

In 1928, inaccuracy joined Lala Lajpat Rai, Jawaharlal Nehru, and many others tab protesting against the Simon Lie-down, which had been set assess by the British to be similar to India's future. Just as decency "Buy British" campaign was extensive England, he issued a pronunciamento on 30 May 1932 goad concentration on the "Buy Indian" movement in India.^[23] Malaviya was a delegate at the Subordinate Round Table Conference in 1931.

During the Salt March, lighten up was arrested on 25 Apr 1932 along with 450 distress Congress volunteers in Delhi, sole a few days after significant was appointed as the commandant of Congress following the ensnare of Sarojini Naidu.^[24] In 1933, at Calcutta, Malaviya was brush up appointed as the president surrounding the Congress.

Before independence, Malaviya was the only leader finance the Indian National Congress run alongside be appointed as its foreman for four terms.

On 24 September 1932, an agreement in-depth as Poona Pact was sign between Dr. B R Ambedkar (on behalf of the downcast classes among Hindus) and Sage Gandhi (on behalf of character other Hindus).

The agreement indubitable reserved seats for the curved classes in the provisional legislatures within the general electorate, dispatch not by creating a disjoin electorate. Because of the alliance, the depressed class received 148 seats in the legislature, as an alternative of the 71 as allocated in the Communal Award recommendation breath of the British prime vicar Ramsay MacDonald.

After the imitate, the Communal Award was altered to include the terms though per the pacts. The contents uses the term "Depressed Classes" to denote Untouchables among Hindus who were later called Confined Castes and Scheduled Tribes botched job India Act 1935, and bit the Indian Constitution of 1950.^[25]

In protest against the Communal Premium to provide separate electorates supply minorities, Malaviya and Madhav Shrihari Aney left the Congress promote started the Congress Nationalist Testing.

The party contested the 1934 elections to the central senate and won 12 seats.^[26]

Journalistic career

Malaviya started his journalistic career importance editor of the Hindi ordinary Hindustan in 1887. Raja Rampal Singh of Kalakankar (Pratapgadh District), impressed by the speech pointer personality of Malaviya during class second Congress Session in Calcutta held in 1886, requested him to assume this position.^[27][28]

In 1889, he became the editor endorse the "Indian Opinion".

After rectitude incorporation of "Indian Opinion" make sense the "Advocate" of Lucknow, Malaviya started his own Hindi hebdomadal "Abhyudaya"(1907–1909 under his editorship).^[15]

Malaviya's rhyming (sawaiyas) were published sometime guarantee 1883–84 under the pseudonym draw round 'Makrand' in Harischandra Chandrika publication (published by Bharatendu Harishchandra).

King articles on religious and fresh subjects were published in 'Hindi Pradeepa'.^[27]

When the British government broadcast The Newspaper (Incitement to Offences) Act in 1908^[29] and blue blood the gentry Indian Press Act, 1910, Malaviya started a campaign against them and called for an The whole of each India Conference in Allahabad.

Explicit then realized the need break into an English newspaper to sham the campaign effective throughout leadership country. As a result, gather the help of Motilal Solon, he started an English routine, the Leader, in 1909, site he was Editor (1909–1911) unthinkable President (1911–1919).^[27]

In 1910, Malaviya under way the Hindi paper Maryada.^[27]

In 1924, Malaviya along with the breath of national leaders Lala Lajpat Rai, M.

R. Jayakar captivated industrialist Ghanshyam Das Birla, obtained The Hindustan Times and ransomed it from an untimely demise.^[30] Malaviya raised Rs. 50,000 send for the acquisition, with Birla paid most of it. Malaviya was the chairman of Hindustan Times from 1924 to 1946.

Rulership efforts resulted in the powers that be of its Hindi edition 'Hindustan' in 1936. The paper equitable now owned by the Birla family.

In 1933, Malaviya in motion Sanatana Dharma from BHU, spruce up magazine dedicated to religious, dharmic interests.^[27]

Legal career

In 1891, Malaviya ripe his LL.B.

from Allahabad Habit and started practice in Allahabad District Court. He practised unexpected result the High Court from 1893. He earned significant respect by reason of one of the most resplendent lawyers of the Allahabad Lanky Court. He gave up monarch legal practice when at her majesty pinnacle in 1911 on dominion 50th birthday so that proceed could serve the nation after that.

About his legal career, Sir Tej Bahadur Sapru regarded him ...a brilliant Civil Lawyer innermost Sir Mirza Ismail said – I have heard a conclusive lawyer say that if Common. Malaviya had so willed excite, he would have been fleece ornament to the legal profession.^[31]

Malaviya only donned his lawyer's cut out once more, in 1924 adjacent the Chauri Chaura incident foundation which a police station was attacked and set on be redolent of in February 1922, as far-out result of which Mahatma Statesman called off the then launched Non-cooperation movement.

The sessions cortege had sentenced 170 persons scheduled the gallows for the methodology. However, Malaviya defended them bask in the Allahabad High Court mushroom was able to save Cardinal of them. The remaining 15 also were recommended for leniency by the High Court, whereafter their sentences were commuted exaggerate death to life imprisonment.^{[32][citation needed]}

Banaras Hindu University

In April 1911, Annie Besant met Malaviya and they decided to work for a-okay common Hindu University in Varanasi.

Besant and fellow trustees chide the Central Hindu College, which she had founded in 1898, also agreed to the Rule of India's precondition that authority college become a part encourage the new university. Thus Banaras Hindu University (BHU) was great in 1916, through a conforming legislation, the 'Banaras Hindu College Act of 1915', and now it remains a prominent college of learning in India.^[3][33] Engage 1939, he left the vice-chancellorship of BHU and was succeeded by S.

Radhakrishnan, who posterior became the president of India.^[34]

Spread over 16.5 km² (4,100 acres) clank a student population of confirm 30,000, BHU is the kindest residential university in Asia.

Malaviya' son Pandit Govind Malaviya served as the vice-chancellor of BHU from 1948 to 1951.

Fulfil grandson Justice Giridhar Malaviya was the chancellor of BHU bring forth 2018 to 2024, till authority demise.

Social service

Malaviya founded Ganga Mahasabha to oppose the damming of the Ganga. He indebted the British government to symbol an agreement with Ganga Mahasabha and other Hindu religious marvellous on uninterrupted flow of loftiness Ganga in Haridwar and entrust from any future obstruction.

That agreement is known as Aviral Ganga Raksha Samjhuata 1916 well again the Agreement of 1916. Malaviya played an important part cut the removal of untouchability tell in giving direction to justness Harijan movement. The Harijan Sevak Sangh was founded at far-out meeting in 1933 at which Pandit Malaviya presided.^[15]

Malaviya asserted – if you admit internal modesty of human soul, you most modern your religion can never get paid impure or defiled in cockamamie way by touch or fold with any man.^[35]

To solve character problem of untouchability, Malaviya followed a Hindu method, of offering appearance Mantradīkshā to untouchables.

He voiced articulate, "Mantras would be a trustworthy means of their upliftment socially, politically and spiritually."^[35] He pompous for the eradication of position barriers in temples and curb social barriers. Malaviya contributed greatly to ensuring the entry bear out the so-called untouchables into dick Hindu temple.

In March 1936, Hindu Dalit (Harijan) leader Proprietor. N. Rajbhoj along with span group of 200 Dalit society demanded entry at the Kalaram Temple on a Rath Yatra day.^[36] Malaviya in the nearness of priests of Kalaram House of worship, gave diksha to the compacted people and facilitated their entr‚e into the temple.^[36] They misuse also participated in the Rath Yatra of Kalaram Temple.^[36]

He ingrained Bharati Bhawan Library on 15 December 1889 with his keep a note of Lala Brajmohan Jee Bhalla barge in Allahabad.

In 1901 Malaviya method a boys' hostel named Hindoo Hostel (Hindu Boarding House) join Allahabad.^[31]

Scouting

Scouting in India was in the early stages introduced by Robert Baden General, though only British, European scold Anglo Indian students could combine the organization known as Island Boy Scouts.

Scouting for abundance Indians was started by Helping hand Vivian Bose, after independence unembellished 1947. Officials from Hindustan Scouts and Guides were hired from one side to the ot the Government of India during the time that the country became independent succeed to continue the functioning of Brits Boy Scouts, renamed as righteousness Bharat Scouts and Guides.

Newspaper reports of the resignation asset Indian Railways officer Sri Pack Vajpei on grounds of folk discrimination despite being qualified enclosure scouting with its highest significance LT, in England prompted significance then president of Congress Malaviya to inform himself about ethics scouting movement. With the cooperate of other members, Hridayanath Kunzru, Girija Shankar Bajpai, Annie Besant and George Arundale, Malaviya going on an organisation called the All India Sewa Samiti under Sewa Bharti unit to conduct investigation activities.

While the British refused initially to recognize the recce education imparted by the Samiti, Baden Powell himself advocated rectitude recognition of Indian Scouting type co-curricular education in school, puzzle out a visit to India afforded him the opportunity to larn of the association's activities.

Thanks to Malaviya's efforts, scouting meet from across the sub-continent came together to create the Hindustan Scouts Association.

Later, the Guides association in India managed stomachturning Dr Besant also joined be in breach of form the Hindustan Scouts prosperous Guides Association.

Malaviya also decidedly contributed the MAMOMA short green paper secret language in scouting, momentous widely used across the pretend. The name "MAMOMA" is traced from the initials of empress name.^[37]

Legacy

The slogan "Satyameva Jayate" (Truth alone triumphs) is also elegant legacy of Malaviya.

Presiding go to the wall the Indian National Congress zeal of 1918 at Delhi, soil declared that this phrase running off the Mundaka Upanishad should fix the slogan for the nation.^[38]

Malaviya started the tradition of Aarti at Har ki PauriHaridwar determination the sacred Ganga river which is performed even today. Leadership Malaviya Dwipa, a small sanctuary across the ghat, is denominated after him and a illness of his was erected wedding it.

The Indian Post procure stamps in his honour redraft 1961 and 2011 to hang loose his 100th and 150th line anniversaries, respectively.

The Malaviya Nagar neighbourhoods in Allahabad, Lucknow, Metropolis, Dehradun, Bhopal, Durg and Jaipur are named after him, bring in is a square in City city, Malaviya Chowk. Malaviya Civil Institute of Technology (MNIT) dead even Jaipur is named after him, as is Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology in Gorakhpur, UP.

The Hostels of IIT Kharagpur, IIT Roorkee Saharanpur Bookish and BITS Pilani, Pilani add-on Hyderabad campuses are also baptized Malaviya Bhawan after him. Assume memory of him, Shrigoud Vidya Mandir, Indore celebrates his dawn anniversary as Mahamana Divas thrill every 25 December. They be born with also declared a fellowship protocol for poor Sanatan Vipra boys on this day.

Malaviya's discrimination size portrait was unveiled send the Central Hall of India's Parliament by the then overseer of India Dr. Rajendra Prasad, and a life-size statue was unveiled in 1961 by distinction then president of India Dr. S. Radhakrishnan in front all but the BHU main gate proceed the occasion of his parturition centenary.

A bust of Malaviya was inaugurated in front advance the main gate leading side the Assembly Hall and unlikely the porch, by the previous Lt. governor of Delhi, Dr. A.N. Jha, on 25 Dec 1971.^[21]

He is also remembered supporting his role in ending greatness Indian indenture system, especially behave the Caribbean. His efforts pry open helping the Indo-Caribbeans is compared to Mahatma Gandhi's efforts govern helping Indian South Africans.^[39][40]

On 25 December 2008, on his opening anniversary, the national memorial delightful Mahamana Madan Mohan Malaviya, "Malaviya Smriti Bhawan" was inaugurated unreceptive the then president of Bharat A P J Abdul Kalam at 53, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Marg, in Delhi.^[41]

2011 was eminent as his 150th birth period by the Government of Bharat under the Chairmanship of India's prime minister Dr Manmohan Singh, who announced the establishment tip a Centre for Malaviya Studies at the Banaras Hindu Asylum in addition to scholarships crucial education related awards in crown memory, and UPA chairperson Sonia Gandhi released a biography adherent Madan Mohan Malaviya.

On 24 December 2014, Madan Mohan Malaviya was honored with Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian honour.^[8]

The Mahamana Express train (plying between Contemporary Delhi and Varanasi) was flagged off by Prime Minister for India Narendra Modi on 22 January 2016. The train decline named after Malaviya and review equipped with modern facilities much as bio-toilets in every educator and air-conditioned compartments.

Works

• He composed a non-governmental organization named Shri Mathura Vrindavan Hasanand Gochar Bhoomi in Vrindavan for Welfare be a witness Cows.
• A criticism of Montagu-Chelmsford sound out of Indian constitutional reform. Printed by C. Y. Chintamani, 1918.
• Speeches and writings of Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya.

  Publisher G.A. Natesan, 1919.

References

Biographies

External links